2 2 Infection Control Lesson 4: Hepatitis, AIDS, and Bioterrorism

Lesson Objectives Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to … Discuss the modes of transmission for the different types of hepatitis. Describe the means of transmission for HIV. Explain the term MRSA and the repercussions in health care today. Define bioterrorism

Hepatitis A (HAV) Acute infective hepatitis fecal waste contaminates food or water supply Incubation period: 14 to 50 days Vaccination is available

Symptoms of Hepatitis Fever Loss of appetite Jaundice Nausea and vomiting Malaise Dark urine Whitish stool

Hepatitis B (HBV) via blood, semen, saliva, and breast milk Potentially fatal disease sexual intercourse

Hepatitis B (HBV) The incubation period is 60 to 90 days with a rapid onset of s/sx

Symptoms and Treatment of Hepatitis B (HBV) May have no signs or symptoms similar symptoms as HAV lifelong infection Treatment is a high-protein diet and rest for several weeks

Hepatitis B Vaccine Routine vaccinations high-risk groups

Types of Hepatitis B Vaccine Recombivax HB Energix-B administered in three doses: high risk of contact with blood and body fluids should get the vaccination If refuses, a disclaimer must be signed and placed in the employee file

AIDS page Worksheet

HIV and AIDS (FYI) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) More than 1 million people in the United States are living with HIV Worldwide, more than 34 million people have HIV

AIDS Transmittal AIDS can enter the body through: Sex Shared needles Blood transfusions Organ transplants Body fluids entering open wounds Artificial insemination Newborn of an infected mother infant breast-fed by an infected mother

HIV facts: HIV cannot survive on inanimate objects HIV can survive in body fluids The virus can remain in cells for months or years

FYI: HIV is not transmitted through: Food Air Water Pets or insects

Critical Thinking Question 1. Could the HIV virus survive in a drop of blood on a counter top?

Developing AIDS It can take 12 years or more for HIV to become AIDS Not all patients develop AIDS

Symptoms of AIDS T-Cell count <200 Unexplained rapid weight loss Frequent diarrhea Unexplained fever, chills, and night sweats for more than 2 weeks Unexplained severe fatigue Swelling or hardening of lymph glands Periods of dry coughing

Symptoms of AIDS Increased SOB purplish growths on skin or mouth Unexplained bleeding Severe numbness or pain in hands and feet Altered LOC, personality change

Caring for a Person with AIDS Use needles with care Wear gloves wash hands Bandage open sores Use bleach

Caring for a Person with AIDS To protect the patient, caregivers should: Wear a mask Wash hands The caregiver should also: Not be afraid Not be afraid to discuss the disease

Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDROs) Bacteria and other microorganisms developed resistance to antimicrobial drugs

Risk Factors for Acquiring MDROs Severe illness Previous tx with antibiotics Underlying poor health Invasive procedures Advanced age

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) highly resistant to antibiotics Two forms : Hospital associated MRSA Community-based MRSA

S. Aureus found on the skin and nasal passages Causative agent in boils, acne cuts, sores, and through tubes

Symptoms of Staph Infection Formation of pus Fever Swelling Tenderness around the area of infection

Wound Cultures Demo, do, chart

Wound Culture Chart -wb page 726 Pt. name: Margie Martell Sex F DOB Collection Time: No Fasting Collection date: Md ID # 345 MD Name: Dr. Feelgood Pt address: 1214 Indiana Ct Redlands, CA Insurance: None Wound site Left leg Aerobic Bacterial Culture

Community-Based MRSA (CA-MRSA) healthy individuals who share personal items good hygiene practices Using an antiseptic cream covering any skin breaks

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Individuals tx with vancomycin

Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis airborne microorganism Affects lungs remains in the air for hours Can affect other organs Multidrug resistant Tb (MDR TB)

Historic Tb Film

Bioterrorism The deliberate release of bacteria, viruses, or other agents that can cause illness and death Biological agents can be spread through air, water, or food