Three Sections of the Cell All cells take in food, rid waste, reproduce 3 main sections 1) Plasma membrane 2) Nucleus 3) Cytoplasm 2 3 Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes 1

Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside of the cell Most organelles float within Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes

Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside of the cell Most organelles float within Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes The green spheres are chloroplasts located inside a plant cell… you will see this in our lab activity!

Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside of the cell Most organelles float within Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes Job: Help dissolve solutes & move materials around

Plasma Membrane Aka: Cell Membrane Job: Allow materials to enter/exit inside outside Aka: Cell Membrane Job: Allow materials to enter/exit Composition: Lipids & proteins Semi-Permeable: only specific materials may enter and exit through pores & protein channels

Nucleus Job: Controls cell activity Inside: 1) Chromatin long strands of DNA holds info to make proteins 2) Nucleolus: makes ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum Aka: ER Rough ER: Tunnel system that transports ribosomes and proteins Smooth ER: makes fats & breaks down toxins (no ribosomes)

Ribosomes Created by nucleolus Transported by the rough ER Job: make proteins

Ribosomes Created by nucleolus Transported by the rough ER protein Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Created by nucleolus Transported by the rough ER Job: make proteins

Golgi Apparatus Job: Package and transport proteins out of the cell Protein Creation Process Review 1) Nucleolus makes a ribosome 2) Ribosome makes protein & travels through rough ER 3) Golgi Body packages the protein into a vesicle and exports them

Golgi Body in action Vesicle expels the proteins (blue dots) from the cell Golgi body is placing proteins (yellow dots) into protective vesicles

1 minute: Discuss with your neighboor Which organelle builds proteins? Stores DNA? Produces ribosomes? Creates fats and breaks down toxins? Packages and releases proteins from a cell? Allows material to enter/exit a cell? Moves molecules around the inside of a cell? (three acceptable answers) ribosome Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth ER Golgi body Cell membrane Cytoplasm, Rough ER, Vesicles

1 minute: Discuss with your neighboor Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish…. A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus

The Answer is…. Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish…. C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle

Mitochondria “Powerhouse” Job: Create ATP (energy molecule) in a process called cellular respiration

Mitochondria “Powerhouse” Job: Create ATP (energy molecule) in a process called cellular respiration Endosymbiosis theory: once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells Evidence: Own DNA & ribosomes Make proteins

Mitochondria “Powerhouse” Job: Create ATP (energy molecule) in a process called cellular respiration Endosymbiosis theory: were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells Evidence: Own DNA & ribosomes Make proteins Replicate split into two cells. Here is a mitochondrion about to…

Endosymbiosis Mitochondria ancestor The predator cells continue to divide, splitting apart the mitochondria A large predator cell devours the mitochondria ancestor Mitochondria survive and divide The mitochondria continue to divide and multiply Over time, the mitochondria and larger cell become dependent on one another The predator cell divides, splitting apart the mitochondria

Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Jobs: 1) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell This lysosome is destroying a mitochondrion

Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Jobs: 1) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell 2) Break down food protein cell p r o t e i n Lysosome (with enzymes inside)

Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Jobs: bacteria Contain digestive enzymes Jobs: 1) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell 2) Break down food 3) Kill bacteria white blood cell white blood cell bacteria Lysosome (with enzymes inside)

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) There are thousands of cilia surrounding this one cell. Lets zoom in for a closer look. You can now see the individual cilia

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) 1 2 3 This cell has 3 flagella

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) 1 2 8 3 4 5 6 7 This cell has 8 flagella

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Sperm cells have only 1 flagellum

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) This sperm cell is about to penetrate an egg cell.

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) The fertilized egg will grow into a fetus

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) 9 months later…..

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) About 14 years later….

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) 4 years from now (hopefully)…

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

Cell Wall Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells Job: Adds support for growth Made of tough cellulose Hard to digest Witnessed by Robert Hooke in 1665 Cell membrane The cell wall is all that remains in cork

Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars Endosymbiosis theory: were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells Evidence: Own DNA and ribosomes Make proteins Replicate chloroplast

Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars Endosymbiosis theory: were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells Evidence: Own DNA and ribosomes Make proteins Replicate Look for them flowing in the cytoplasm during our lab activity!

Endosymbiosis Chloroplast ancestor The predator cells continue to divide, splitting apart the chloroplasts Chloroplast survives and divides A large predator cell devours the chloroplast ancestor The chloroplasts continue to divide and multiply Over time, the chloroplast and larger cell become dependent on one another The predator cell divides, splitting apart the chloroplasts

Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments nucleus B A chloroplast C Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments Plant cells: Large central vacuole Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles

Kobe Kuiz Pick an organelle…any organelle. Describe its function. Name 7 organelles that can be found within the cytoplasm. Describe the pathway that proteins travel from creation to exportation. List various reasons to help support the theory of endosymbiosis. Name two organelles that plant cells have and animal cells do not. Which organelle creates ATP energy for cells? Which organelle converts sunlight into sugar? Which organelle creates ribosomes? Which organelle fuses with the cell membrane to release proteins? Which molecule holds the information to make a protein?