A HISTORY OF MARINE RESEARCH

History BC Ancient Pacific Islanders- Made 3 dimensional maps Phoenicians- First accomplished Western navigators Aristotle- First Marine Biologist

History Early AD Vikings- Collected info on winds and currents Important Europeans –James Cook….1 st to use a chronometer (a timepiece) to mark his position –Darwin, HMS Beagle… Natural Selection, theory of how coral atolls form –Capt. Thompson HMS Challenger- First oceanographic voyage

Exploration and Research Vessels Ships were the first research “tool” –HMS Beagle and Darwin Formulated theory of natural selection Proposed idea on formation of coral atolls Wrote article on barnacles

Marine Labs First US lab was built in Woods Hole Mass Permanent facilities to study marine biology allow scientists to do more with their research James J Howard Lab Sandy Hook, NJ

HOW DO SCIENTISTS DO RESEARCH?

Technology is used for Transportation to study area Observing and counting Collecting organisms Measuring physical properties Studying movement Identifying and cataloging Compiling and analyzing data

Transportation Research Vessels (R/Vs) –Range of sizes –Carry equipment and accomodations Manned Submersibles –Can travel to depths around 6500 m (21325 feet) Remotely-Operated Vehicles (ROVs) –Can reach depths up to 7000 Meters –Safer and less expensive than MS’s

RV FLIP– Boat that can be rotated 90 degrees Used to study things like sound in the ocean

Exploration and Research Vessels Ships were the first research “tool” –Charles Thompson, HMS Challenger First major oceanographic voyage Collected samples and data for 3 years Set the standard for ocean research

Observing and counting Sound –Sonar- Sends out a ping and waits for an echo –Used to measure depth and topography

Observing and counting Light –Used to measure sea temp., chlorophyll –Cameras –Videos –Satellites

Collecting Nets Sediment cores and grabs Bottles- snap shut at a chosen depth to collect water SCUBA –Self contained underwater breathing apparatus

Measuring physical properties temperature, salinity, current speed,the amount of light etc…… Sonar Satellites Probes

Studying movement Tags Cameras Sonar Nets Satellites

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