1. Lesson 1.1:

2. Learning Goals: 1. I can explain the major influences on the history of oceanography and ocean research. 2. I can determine a location from a given latitude & longitude.

3. 1 st Sea Voyage Earliest recorded sea voyage took place around 3200 B.C. in Egypt Took 1 st ocean depth measurements

4. Maps Ancient Greeks developed 1 st maps (250 B.C. – 200 A.D.) Development of the latitude/longitude system

5. Latitude & Longitude Latitude: parallel to the equator (N – S) O 0 is at the equator 90 o is at the poles Longitude: pole- to- pole (E – W) O o is called the prime meridian in Greenwich, England at the Royal Naval Observatory

8. Compass Chinese invented the compass (1125) 300 yrs later it began being used in Europe

9. Major Expeditions *READ ONLY 1492 Christopher Columbus voyage to the Caribbean to discover the Americas Early 1500’s Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in Central American to discover the Pacific Ocean 1522 Ferdinand Magellan sailed across the Pacific to discover the Philippine Islands 1577 Francis Drake sailed from England to the tip of South America

10. Major Expeditions *READ ONLY Captain James Cook (1768): 1 st voyage sailed from England to Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia 2 nd voyage to Southern tip of Africa and Antarctic circle, but never found Antarctica 3 rd voyage to Hawaii & the Bering strait

11. Chronometer Invented by John Harrison (1735) Allowed sailors to determine their exact longitude

12. Ocean Research *READ ONLY The ocean was used for trade/travel & military but was not studied before the 1800’s One of the 1 st scientists to use the ocean for research: Charles Darwin HMS Beagle (1831) Coastline of South America, through the South Pacific, to the Southern tip of Africa Most famous stop: Galapagos Islands

14. Ocean Research HMS Challenger I 1 st expedition dedicated entirely to marine science in 1872 2 Major Scientists = Charles Wyville Thompson & Sir John Murray Documented temperature, currents, weather, water quality, depth, marine organisms, and sediment samples (4,717 species were cataloged and identified!) (NASA named its 2 nd space shuttle in its honor for its achievements!)