1. ENVI 121 Life in the Ocean Dr. Ron KaufmannDr. Ron Kaufmann kaufmann@sandiego.edukaufmann@sandiego.edu Shiley Center 277 (x5904)Shiley Center 277 (x5904) Office Hrs: Tue, Thu 8:00-10:30Office Hrs: Tue, Thu 8:00-10:30 –www.sandiego.edu/~kaufmann/envi121/envi121.html www.sandiego.edu/~kaufmann/envi121/envi121.html –AIM: rskusd

2. I.What is Marine Biology? Biology of organisms inhabiting the oceanBiology of organisms inhabiting the ocean Marine biologists study different things at different levelsMarine biologists study different things at different levels Related to oceanography, particularly biological oceanographyRelated to oceanography, particularly biological oceanography – Coastal vs. Open Ocean – Perspective: Organismal vs. Environmental Studying marine organisms requires understanding of physical/chemical environmentStudying marine organisms requires understanding of physical/chemical environment

3. II.History A.Early 1.Aristotle – Described forms, recognized gills 2.Explorers (Eriksson, Columbus, Magellan, Drake) – Learned about winds, currents, physical characteristics 3.Cook (1768-1779) – Took full-time naturalist on crew 4.Darwin (1831-1836) – Sailed on HMS Beagle –Collected plankton –Proposed theory of coral atoll formation –Studied and described barnacles

4. II.History B.Oceanographic Expeditions Began in mid 1800sBegan in mid 1800s Edward Forbes (BBBB - British)Edward Forbes (BBBB - British) Father of Biological OceanographyFather of Biological Oceanography Sampled sea floor life extensivelySampled sea floor life extensively First to recognize that different organisms are found at different depthsFirst to recognize that different organisms are found at different depths Before Forbes’ time, many people regarded the deep ocean as azoicBefore Forbes’ time, many people regarded the deep ocean as azoic Early work by Wyville Thomson showed life on deep sea floorEarly work by Wyville Thomson showed life on deep sea floor

5. II.History C.The Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) British scientists convinced government to fund oceanographic expeditionBritish scientists convinced government to fund oceanographic expedition HMS ChallengerHMS Challenger Refitted warshipRefitted warship Departed England in Dec 1872Departed England in Dec 1872 Expedition lasted three and a a half yearsExpedition lasted three and a a half years Collected samples and provided unprecedented insights into diversity of marine lifeCollected samples and provided unprecedented insights into diversity of marine life Data took 19 years to publish in 50 large volumesData took 19 years to publish in 50 large volumes First extensive exploration of life in the oceanFirst extensive exploration of life in the ocean Paved the way for modern marine biologyPaved the way for modern marine biology

6. Track of HMS Challenger 1872 - 1876 Fig. 1.4

7. III.Marine Labs A.Stazione Zoologica (Naples) Founded in 1872 by German scientistsFounded in 1872 by German scientists B.Marine Biological Lab (Plymouth, England) Founded in 1879Founded in 1879 C.Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole) Established in 1888Established in 1888 D.Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SD) Opened in 1903Opened in 1903 E.Hopkins Marine Station (CA) F.Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory (WA)

8. IV.Modern Marine Biology Involved the development of new technology for studying marine lifeInvolved the development of new technology for studying marine life A.SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging) Developed during World War II to help engage in submarine warfareDeveloped during World War II to help engage in submarine warfare

9. SONAR Fig. 1.6

10. I.Modern Marine Biology A.SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging) B.SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) Invented in late 1940s by Cousteau and GagnanInvented in late 1940s by Cousteau and Gagnan Allows scientists to work underwater for extended periods of timeAllows scientists to work underwater for extended periods of time

11. I.Modern Marine Biology A.SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging) B.SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) C.Oceanographic Research Vessels Ships (Melville, Revelle, Thompson)Ships (Melville, Revelle, Thompson) Submersibles (Alvin, Johnson Sea Link)Submersibles (Alvin, Johnson Sea Link) ROVs/AUVs (Jason, Tiburon, Ventana)ROVs/AUVs (Jason, Tiburon, Ventana) Other vessels (FLIP)Other vessels (FLIP)

12. R/V Thomas G. Thompson R/V FLIP DSV Alvin

13. TheseusIFREMER AUV ROV Jason

14. I.Modern Marine Biology A.SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging) B.SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) C.Oceanographic Research Vessels D.Computers Processing of large data setsProcessing of large data sets Collection of sophisticated informationCollection of sophisticated information

15. Fig. 1.14 Link

16. www7320.nrlssc.navy.mil/IASNFS_WWW/IASNFS_ssh.html

17. I.Modern Marine Biology A.SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging) B.SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) C.Oceanographic Research Vessels D.Computers E.Remote Sensing Use of satellites to monitor oceanUse of satellites to monitor ocean Especially useful for studying large scale features and processesEspecially useful for studying large scale features and processes

18. Fig. 1.15