1. Scientific Method and Ocean Exploration Chapter Two Review

2. What is oceanography? The science of recording and describing the ocean’s contents and processes

3. What are the four main subcategories of Oceanography? Biology Chemistry Physics Geology

4. What are the five main steps of the scientific method? Observe a fact or problem Make a hypothesis Experiment Analyze Data Make a conclusion/communicate results

5. What is a hypothesis? A suggested explanation for an observation.

6. What is an independent variable? The variable that the experimenter changes.

7. What is a dependent variable? The variable that changes due to the independent variable changing

8. What is a control? A factor used in an experiment to show that the results of an experiment are actually a result of the conditions being tested.

9. What do latitude lines measure? Measure degrees North or South of the equator

10. What is another name for latitude lines? Parallels

11. What does longitude measure? Measure degrees East or West of the Prime Meridian

12. What is another name for longitude lines? Meridians

13. What does a sextant measure? Latitude

14. What two things does a sextant use to measure latitude? North star The horizon

15. What device allows the measurement of longitude? The chronometer

16. Which culture was the first to engage in long-distance sailing far from the sight of land? Polynesians

17. What continent did Charles Wilkes discover? Antarctica

18. What did the Chinese invent in 1000 A.D. ? The compass

19. What noted discovery was made by the H.M.S. Challenger 2? The Challenger deep Deepest point in the world Depth of the bottom of the Marianas Trench

20. Compare and contrast submersibles and SCUBA Submersibles High Cost Can hold two-three people Can go greater depths Harder to maneuver places SCUBA Low cost Individual use Shorter depths Easy to “grab and go” Both allow for deeper, longer underwater diving

21. What is the largest mountain range on Earth? The Mid-Atlantic Ridge

22. What did Pytheas do? Discovered you could predict tides in the ocean by phases of the moon Discovered how to find out how far North or South you are by using the North Star

23. What three things did Eratosthenes do? Realized the Earth was a sphere, not flat Found the circumference of the Earth Created the first latitude/longitude system

24. How much of the Earth is covered in water? 71%

25. How much of the Earth is covered in land? 29%

26. Of all the water on Earth, what percent of it is salt water? 97%

27. Of all the water on Earth, what percent of it is fresh water? 3%

28. What three things did early peoples travel to sea for? Food Trade Exploration

29. Matthew Maury contributed the first of what to oceanography? Textbook

30. What invention allowed oceanographers to study the seafloor without destroying it? Submarines

31. What is Amerigo Vespucci credited for? Recognizing South America was a new continent, separate from North America

32. What is Balboa credited for? Being the first person to reach the Pacific Ocean

33. What do Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholemeu Dias, and Vasco de Gama all have in common? They all went on voyages to find routes around Africa

34. Who led the first circumnavigation of the world? Ferdinand Magellan

35. Who led the second circumnavigation of the world? Sir Francis Drake

36. What voyage discovered marine organisms living on the seafloor for the first time? The Challenger I

37. What is the deepest ocean? Pacific Ocean

38. What ocean is the Marianas Trench located in? Pacific Ocean

39. What ocean is the Mid Atlantic Ridge located in? Atlantic Ocean

40. What is the smallest and shallowest ocean? Arctic Ocean

41. What year was the Southern ocean named? 2000

42. What ocean did the early Egyptians use for early sea trade? Indian Ocean

43. The Arctic ocean is expected to be ice free by what year? 2040

44. Darwin set sail on his voyage on the H.M.S. ______________. H.M.S. Beagle

45. What two theories did Darwin form? Coral reef formation Natural Selection

46. What does Darwin’s theory on coral reefs state? Coral reefs grow upwards even as their weight causes the seafloor to sink.

47. What invention uses radio transmitters on shore to aid in ship navigation? LORAN Navigation

48. Compare and contrast an AUV and an ROV. ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle Controlled by a person on a boat above water AUV Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Roams on its own (pre-programmed)

49. Define GPS. Global Positioning System Uses orbiting satellites to pinpoint locations on Earth

50. What culture established trade routes throughout the Mediterranean and as far away as the British Isles? Phoenicians

51. What culture traded throughout the North Atlantic and briefly settled in North America? Vikings

52. What three countries did the Vikings discover? Iceland Greenland North America

53. What allowed the Vikings discoveries of these countries? Warm temperatures made the North Atlantic free of ice allowing for exploration

54. What is piloting? Navigating ships by using references and landmarks on shore Greeks are famous for doing this

55. What expedition was the first to use echo-soundings to map out the Atlantic seafloor? German Meteor

56. What two improvements did the Chinese make for their ships? Central Rudders Watertight Compartments

57. What expedition confirmed the existence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? The Challenger I

58. What expedition was built solely for scientific exploration and used echo- soundings to map the seafloor, carrying on the work of the German Meteor? Atlantis

59. Who is the father of physical oceanography? Matthew Maury

60. What changes did the Industrial Revolution bring to the way ships were built? Use of steel or iron instead of wood