Kingdoms Of Living Things

Virus Non living, but they do have hereditary material or DNA Can only reproduce inside another living cell. It injects its hereditary material into the cell and then its DNA takes over and multiples until there are too many and the cell explodes and dies.

All Bacteria are: The simplest of all living things. Microscopic in size (micro-organism). Around 3,000 different species. Unicellular meaning one celled organisms Prokaryotic- cells without a nucleus. The heredity material just floats around in the cytoplasm of the cell. Cells are surrounded by a thick outer cell wall.

Monerans are now divided into two kingdoms. Eubacteria –Bacteria - organisms that cannot make their own food. ( heterotrophy ) –Cyanobacteria - organism that manufacture food using the sun’s energy ( autotrophy)  Classified according to their cell shape and structure, the way they obtain food, the type of food they eat, and the waste they produce, method of movement, and need for oxygen.

Eubacteria Bacteria Cyanobacteria

Archaebacteria Bacteria found in extreme conditions. Classified according to where they live or how they get energy.

Where do bacteria live? Bacteria live almost everywhere. Air Food On your skin Inside your body Underground Bottom of the oceans

Structure of Bacteria Cells –T–Three shapes –S–Sphere – cocci –R–Rod – bacilli –S–Spiral – spirilla Bacteria cells are smaller than plant and animal cells. Bacteria are one-celled organisms that occur alone or in chains or groups.

Bacteria and Reproduction Bacteria reproduce by fission. Fission is a process that produces two new cells with genetic material identical to each other. Fission is the simplest form of asexual reproduction.

How does bacteria obtain food and energy? Producer –Bacteria that contain chlorophyll or other pigments make their own food using energy from the Sun. –Some bacteria use energy from chemical reactions to make food. Consumers –Some bacteria do not make their own food. –Some bacteria break down dead organisms to obtain energy. –Some bacteria live as parasites and absorb nutrients from their host.

Saprophyte –Organism uses dead organisms as food and energy source. Aerobe –Organisms that use oxygen to break down food and obtain energy through respiration. Anaerobe –Organism that is adapted to live without oxygen. Bacteria that live in the intestines of animals/humans.

Kingdom Protista Microscopic plant-like called algae and animal-like creatures that are referred to as protozoa. Around 30,000 species Unicellular Eukaryotic- Cells that contain nucleus that are surrounded by a membrane. The nucleus contains genetic information about the organism. Some can make their own food (autotrophic), while others (heterotrophic) can not make their own food.

Reproduction: - Most protist reproduce asexually by cell division. –Most can also reproduce sexually Plant-like protist -Diatoms used in toothpaste and glass

-Dinoflagellates can cause Red Tide -Euglenas have both plant and animal like characteristics - Red, green and brown algae –excellent food source for aquatic animals

Animal-like Protist (Protozoa) –Ciliates –ex. Paramecium –Flagellates- move with flagella –Pseudopods-ex. Amoebas (some can cause dysentery) –Sporozoans- animal-like that cannot move by themselves, live in a host (ex. Plasmodium lives in mosquito and can cause malaria) Fungus-like Protist Slime molds Water molds Downy mildew- caused Irish Potato Famine

Kingdom Fungi Multicellular- Organisms are made of many cells. Mushroom, molds, yeast and athletes foot. Cells are surrounded by a thick outer cell wall and can have more than one nucleus. Heterotrophic and cannot make their own food. About 100,000 species

Fungus

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Cells are surrounded by a thick outer cell wall and have a nucleus. Plants are autrophic and are able to use the sun’s energy to make their own food. Therefore they are considered producers. About 285,000 species.

Plants are classified into two Divisions instead Phylums. Plants are first divided into two major groups: Nonvascular and Vascular plants. Non-Vascular plants are mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Vascular plants are divided into: – Seedless vascular plants like ferns, horsetails and club mosses. –Seed vascular plants are divided into: angiosperms have flowers and fruit. Ex. Apple trees, sunflowers Gymnosperms are plants that produce seeds not protected by fruit. Ex. Conifers, pines, spruce

Seedless Non-Vascular Plants Mosses Liverworts Hornworts

Vascular Seedless Plants Ferns

Vascular Seed Plants Gymnosperms like Conifers