Last Topic - Grounds for Judicial Review IMPORTANCE: POSTULATES OF THE DOCTRINE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW: SCOPE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW: 1. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF PRIMARY LEGISLATION: The Grounds of Challenge to Primary Legislation: Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments: 2. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS: General Scope: Position in Pakistan: Doctrine of Ultra Vires: Grounds for Ultra Vires: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JUDICIAL POWER, JURISDICTION AND JUDICIAL REVIEW: INTERPRETATION AND ITS RELATION WITH JUDICIAL REVIEW: NEXUS BETWEEN JUDICIAL REVIEW AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS: JUDICIAL REVIEW AS DEVELOPED IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES: STANDARD OF REVIEW:IS JUDICIAL REVIEW UNDEMOCRATIC?

National Security Measures taken to ensure national security include Pakistan National Security Council (PNSC) Elements of National Security

National Security ……. National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political power

National Security ……. The concept developed mostly in the United States after World War II. Initially focusing on military might, it now encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impose on the non military or financial security of the nation and the values adopted by the national society

National Security ……. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security, energy security, environmental security, etc.

National Security ……. Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other nation- states but also non-state actors such as violent non-state actors, narcotic cartels, multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations; some authorities include natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category

Measures taken to ensure National Security 1. Using diplomacy to convention allies and isolate threats 2. Marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation 3. Maintaining effective armed forces

Measures Taken ……. 4. Implementing civil defense and emergency attentiveness measures (including anti-terrorism legislation) 5. Ensuring the flexibility and idleness of critical infrastructure

Measures Taken ……. 6. Using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and spying, and to protect classified information 7. Using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats

Pakistan National Security Council (PNSC) is a federal institutional and consultative body chaired by the Prime minister of Pakistan

PNSC ……. The PNSC is a principal forum that is mandated for considering national security and foreign policy matters with the senior national security advisers and Cabinet ministers

PNSC ……. The idea and inception of National Security Council was first conceived in 1969 under the Mr. Yahya Khan, its functions were to advise and assist the President and Prime minister on national security and foreign policies

PNSC ……. The idea of this institution remains highly debatable and controversial in Pakistan's political feature who argues that the PNSC provides legal cover for expanding the role and influence of the military in the country

PNSC ……. The National Security Council was re-created by former Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf in April 2004 under the National Security Council Act

PNSC ……. The PNSC remains to stay as statue on the constitution, the National Security Council is not active since 2008, but instead the Defence Committee of the Cabinet is re- activated in its place

Elements of National Security 1. Military security 2. Economic security 3. Financial security 4. Energy security 5. Border Security 6. Disaster Security 7. Geo-stratagic Security 8. Food security 9. Public Health Security 10. Environmental security 11. Cyber security

1. Military Security Implies the capability of a nation- state to defend itself, and/or discourage military aggression. Alternatively, military security implies the capability of a nation- state to enforce its policy choices by use of military force

2. Economic Security Or financial security is the condition of having stable income or other resources to support a standard of living now and in the projected future

3. Financial Security Refers to individual and family money management and savings. Economic security tends to include the broader effect of a society's production levels and monetary support for non-working citizens

4. Energy Security A term for an association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Access to cheap energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies

5. Border Security Its primary role is to guard the Countries international borders during peacetime and also prevent trans border crime In Pakistan the job is assigned to Rangers

6. Disaster Security is the process, policies and procedures that are related to preparing for recovery or continuation of technology infrastructure which are vital to an organization after a natural or human-induced disaster

7. Geo-stratagic Security A subfield of geopolitics, is a type of foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as they inform, constrain, or affect political and military planning

8. Food Security According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life

9. Public Health Security It means the assurance of Health for everyone, it is intended to establish new requirements & horizon for the removal of threat to human, animal, and plant

10. Environmental security It examines threats posed by environmental events and trends to individuals, communities or nations

11. Cyber Security Standards of Security, which enable organizations to practice safe security techniques to minimize the number of successful cyber-security attacks. These guides provide general outlines as well as specific techniques for implementing cyber-security

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