Emergency Care CHAPTER Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe THIRTEENTH EDITION Life Span Development 8

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Topics Infancy (Birth to 1 Year) Toddler Phase (12–36 Months) Preschool Age (3–5 Years) School Age (6–12 Years) Adolescence (13–18 Years) Early Adulthood (19–40 Years) Middle Adulthood (41–60 Years) Late Adulthood (61 Years and Older)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Infancy (Birth to 1 Year) A newborn infant.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Infancy (Birth to 1 Year) Physiological  3.0–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lbs) at birth  Weight doubles by six months; triples by twelve months.  Head 25 percent of total body weight  Airway narrow; easily obstructed  Nose and diaphragm used for breathing continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Infancy (Birth to 1 Year) Physiological  Antibodies passed from mother to child in pregnancy  Antibodies also passed through breastfeeding continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Infancy (Birth to 1 Year) Physiological  Moro reflex (startle) Throws arms out, spreads fingers, grabs with fingers and arms  Palmar reflex Grasps objects placed in palm  Rooting reflex (hunger) Turns toward side of head touched continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Infancy (Birth to 1 Year) Physiological  Sucking reflex Sucks when lips are stroked  Sleep patterns Begin to regulate after two to four months Then sleeps through night  Extremities grow from a combination of growth plates and epiphyseal plates. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Infancy (Birth to 1 Year) Physiological  Fontanelles not fused at birth Posterior fontanelle closes in two or three months. Anterior fontanelle closes between nine and eighteen months. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Infancy (Birth to 1 Year) Physiological  Sunken fontanelles indicate dehydration.  Bulging fontanelles indicate increased pressure inside skull.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Infancy (Birth to 1 Year) Psychosocial  Bonding  Trust versus mistrust  Scaffolding  Temperament

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe TABLE 8-1 Vital Signs: Infant

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe TABLE 8-2 Developmental Changes

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe TABLE 8-2 (continued) Developmental Changes

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Toddler Phase (12–36 Months)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Toddler Phase (12–36 Months) A year-old infant.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Toddler Phase (12–36 Months) Physiological  Pulmonary system  Nervous system  Musculoskeletal system  Immune system  Teeth

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Toddler Phase (12–36 Months) Psychosocial  Begins to understand cause and effect  Develops separation anxiety  Begins to develop "magic thinking," imagination, and engages in play-acting

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Toddler Phase (12–36 Months) A toddler.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe TABLE 8-3 Vital Signs: Toddler

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe TABLE 8-4 Cognitive Developmental Changes

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Preschool Age (3–5 Years)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Preschool Age (3–5 Years) A preschooler. © Daniel Limmer

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Preschool Age (3–5 Years) Physiological  Body systems continue to develop. Psychosocial  Developing interactive and social skills

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe TABLE 8-5 Vital Signs: Preschool Age

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe School Age (6–12 Years)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe School Age (6–12 Years) School-age children. © Shutterstock.com

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe School Age (6–12 Years) Physiological  Loss of primary teeth Psychosocial  Less general supervision  Developing decision-making skills  More awareness of self-esteem  Values opinions of peers (positive or negative)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe TABLE 8-6 Vital Signs: School Age

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Adolescence (13–18 Years)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Adolescence (13–18 Years) An adolescent.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Adolescence (13–18 Years) Physiological  Rapid two- to three-year growth spurt  Sexual maturity

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Adolescence (13–18 Years) Psychosocial  Strives for independence  Concern about body image and peer pressure  May be prone to self-destructive behaviors  Developing personal code of ethics

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Think About It Adolescents are often injured because of risk taking.  May be resistant to disclose what happened  Must be encouraged to explain circumstances surrounding an incident

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe FIGURE 8-6 An adolescent.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe TABLE 8-7 Vital Signs: Adolescence

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Early Adulthood (19–40 Years)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Early Adulthood (19–40 Years) A young adult. © Shutterstock.com

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Early Adulthood (19–40 Years) Physiological  Lifelong habits formed  Reaches peak physical condition Psychosocial  Job and family stress  Marriage, childbirth, and child rearing  Accidents leading cause of death

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe TABLE 8-8 Vital Signs: Early Adulthood

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Middle Adulthood (41–60 Years)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Middle Adulthood (41–60 Years) A middle-aged adult. © Royalty Free/Masterfile

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Middle Adulthood (41–60 Years) Physiological  May need vision correction  Cancer, heart disease often develop.  Weight control more difficult Psychosocial  Empty-nest syndrome  Caring for elderly parents

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Late Adulthood (61 Years and Older)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Late Adulthood (61 Years and Older) An older adult. © Shutterstock.com

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Late Adulthood (61 Years and Older) Physiological  Body systems less efficient Psychosocial  Living environment  Self-worth  Financial burdens  Death and dying

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Late Adulthood (61 Years and Older)

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Cognitive Function of Older Adults Video Click here to view a video on the subject of cognitive function of older adults.here Back to Directory

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Chapter Review

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Chapter Review Understanding the basic physiological and psychosocial development for each age group will assist you in communicating with and assessing patients of various ages. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Chapter Review Physiological differences between the ages will affect your care. Examples include differences in the respiratory systems of younger patients and the effect of preexisting medical conditions of older patients. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Chapter Review Infants and young children have less developed and smaller respiratory structures, which can make respiratory conditions worse. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Chapter Review Your ability to communicate with younger patients will depend on their stage of development. This can range from fear of strangers to separation anxiety from parents and embarrassment during adolescence. Older patients may have issues with denial or depression over medical conditions.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Remember Infants present massive bursts of anatomical and psychosocial development in the first year of life. Although preschoolers begin to develop independence and reason, in many ways they still resemble the psychosocial development of toddlers. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Remember School-age children often are independent and logical, but that may crumble with illness or injury. Adolescents are reaching physiological maturity, but they often face difficult psychosocial challenges. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Remember Early, middle, and late adults vary greatly in terms of physiological development and conditioning; they also face psychosocial challenges unique to adulthood.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Questions to Consider How do I approach a patient most effectively based on developmental characteristics? Does the age of my patient pose any assessment or care challenges based on physiologic development?

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Care, 13e Daniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe Critical Thinking You are called for abdominal pain in a 16-year-old girl. She is with friends at the park. She seems hesitant to answer any of your questions. What characteristic of adolescent development is most likely the cause of this? How could you overcome it?