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We welcome you to the Anatomy Department at KKUH. We are genuinely delighted to have you join us. During the 1st & 2nd year studentship, you will only get a small glimpse into the world of Anatomy. Nevertheless, through this experience, we expect that you will acquire fundamental skills, reinforce and expand your knowledge, and develop personally and professionally. We hope that this experience drives you to learn more and experience more of what Anatomy has to offer. We wish you the most exciting, stimulating, rewarding, and transforming experience over the upcoming period of time.

Dr. Musaed Alfayez The Chairman Ph.D. Glasgow UK

MBBS PhD Japan Assistant Professor

Subdivisions Under the general heading of anatomy are several subdivisions. Embryology examines development of adult structure from fertilised ovum Cytology deals with the structure of individual cells Histology deals with aggregations of cells, tissues, or aggregations of tissues, organs Neuroanatomy deals with the elaborate brain & connections of nerve cells Gross anatomy deals with those structures that can be seen without a microscope. What is anatomy? Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body with relation to each other. Derived from the Greek to cut up: the Latin 'to cut up' gives us dissect.

1-Regional Anatomy Head, Neck, and Trunk (Thorax, abdomen, back & pelvic/perineum) Paired Upper & Lower Limbs Approaches to Studying Anatomy

2-Systemic Anatomy

3- Surface Anatomy 4-Clinical Anatomy

the body is considered as standing erect, feet together and toes pointed forward, arms at the sides and palms facing forward It is appropriate that the subject (human or animal) be studied in the standard anatomical position. This standard position is referred as: This is typically a posture similar to that seen during life. The anatomical position is defined as:

The various parts of the body are described in relation to certain imaginary planes these are. MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into two equal Right and Left parts SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane HORIZONTAL or Transverse separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts FRONTAL (or coronal) separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts

Cranial/rostral= head end Caudal= tail end Ventral= toward front Dorsal= toward back Anterior= front of the body Posterior= back of the body Superior= situated above another structure Inferior = situated below another structure Proximal= toward the origin of a structure Distal= away from the origin of a structure Medial= toward the middle (median plane) Lateral= away from medial Superficial = towards the surface Intermediate = between the two structures Deep = away from the surface Internal= Toward the center of an organ or cavity External= Away from the center of an organ or cavity Supine = the body is lying on the back Prone= the body is lying face downward Ipsilateral = Same side of the body Contralateral= opposite side of the body Bilateral= both sides of the body Terms of Positi on

Terms of Movement flexionextension increasing angle with frontal plane decreasing angle with frontal plane abductionadductionmoving away from or toward the sagittal plane protractionretractionmoving forward or backward along a surface elevationdepressionraising or lowering a structure medial rotation lateral rotation movement around an axis of a bone pronationsupination placing palm backward or forward (in anatomical position) circumduction combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial and lateral rotation circumscribe a cone opposition reposition bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up Opposite of above movement

flexion of the entire foot Dorsiflexion - flexion of the entire foot superiorly, or upwards as when decelerating in an automibile. Plantar flexion - Flexion of the entire foot inferiorly, or downwards as when accelerating in an automobile. movement of the sole of the foot Eversion - the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane. Inversion - the movement of the sole towards the median plane (same as when an ankle is twisted). Terms of Movement

Body Cavities Ventral Cavity occupied by the abdominal and perineal a. Thoracic Cavity b. Abdominopelvic Cavity i. Abdominal ii. Pelvic Dorsal Cavity occupied by the brain and spinal cord a. Cranial Cavity b. Spinal Cavity