CLASS 13
Approach 3: Beyond ‘g’
Spearman says g underlies all intelligence But we all know someone who….. Most people think and some researchers agree that: Intelligence is more than ‘g’
Statistical Paradox ? Everyone believes that some people are more intelligent than others But everyone believes that they are above average Statisticians say impossible !
Psychologists say no paradox Dunning solves the paradox: Our personal definitions ensure that we are above average What other definitions have a legitimate basis?
Gardner’s multiple intelligences TRADITIONAL Logical-mathematical Linguistic (verbal) Spatial (geometric) Inter-personal (social) CONTROVERSIAL Intra-personal Musical Kinesthetic Naturalist Spiritua l
Gardner’s latest Replaced Spiritual intelligence with: Existential intelligence Moral intelligence
Here are some recent nominees: Which type of intelligence does each have?
Albert Einstein Logical- mathematical intelligence
Oprah Winfrey Interpersonal intelligence
Gary Kasparov Spatial intelligence
Eminem Linguistic intelligence
Sigmund Freud Intra-personal Intelligence
Patrick Kane Kinesthetic intelligence
Mahatma Ghandi Spiritual intelligence
David Suzuki Naturalist intelligence
But where is creativity? Suggestions for other intelligences?
Critique of Gardner’s approach Much subjective opinion Many of the intelligences are too vague to be measured objectively Without measures, no practical value yet IN HIS DEFENSE: used multiple sources CYNICAL VIEW: everyone needs to feel intelligent and Gardner just wants to make us all happy
Empirical components
Spearman (1 = g) Wechsler (2) Cattell (2) Thurstone (7) Guilford (120)
Scholastic aptitude Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) – 3 subscales (math, reading, writing) Graduate Record Exam (GRE) -- 3 LSAT, MCAT, GMAT (2-3 subscales)
Sex differences? Have diminished over time Some remain – even on GREs Writing ability favors females (recent addition) Spatial rotation favors males
Why sex differences? Nature: Brain differences ? Nurture: sex roles ?
e.g. spatial ability
Sex differences in g No sex differences on Stanford-Binet Coincidence ?
Summary Several empirical components are reliably distinguished Many conceptual intelligences not yet measured Traditional sex differences are diminishing but some still evident
Emotional Intelligence
Being good at perceiving, understanding, and expressing emotions More important than IQ? But how to measure? One approach is to test ability to judge emotions accurately.
Q: What emotion? A: Sadness, as judged by the person who made the drawing
Q: what emotion? A: grief: -as judged by consensus based on context
A: Surprise -- based on instructions to pose.
Q: What emotion? A: the joy of using Play Station 3, as judged by the manufacturer.
Critique of EQ Difficult to evaluate emotion accuracy Self-reports are dubious Is emotional intelligence something else?