2/4/16 Do Now: -Take out your Steve Job’s speech Homework: -Read and annotate Chunk #1and identify the claim of the chunk. Learning Goal: How does an allusion add meaning to a speech or piece of writing? What annotation strategies can you use in order to become stronger at close reading?

Do Now: Using the “How to Annotate Nonfiction” worksheet: 1)Put a check next to any annotation strategies that you are comfortable with and do well. 2)Circle 3-4 annotation strategies that you feel you could improve on want to deliberately practice.

BEFORE READING o Set purpose for reading. CIRCLE title. Consider what it means by asking a question about the title. o Identify information about the author, source, and publication date. o Skim through the piece turning all subheadings into questions, CIRCLING all text features, and READING any after reading questions. o Identify the topic/subject and WRITE anything you already know about the topic and anything you want to know about the topic. DURING READING o Read EVERYTHING and mark the text. o Read AGAIN and add to the notes that you have already made. Mark in the text: o STAR (*) the claim o UNDERLINE any rhetorical devices and/or literary elements. o Put (PARENTHESESE) around signal/cue words (words that help you identify the text structure —cause and effect, compare-contrast, chronological, etc.) o ANSWER questions you created from subheadings o Circle unknown vocabulary Write in the margins: o Summarize o Make predictions o Formulate opinions (agree or disagree with the author) o Make connections (draw arrows and explain the connection) o Ask questions (Clarify/Connect/Conclude/Evaluate) o Analyze literary elements (symbol, metaphor, tone, diction, etc.) o Analyze rhetorical devices (logos, ethos, pathos etc.)  Consider how these devices/elements develop the central idea of the text. o Write reflections/reactions/comments AFTER READING o Complete this statement, “The author’s purpose for writing this is...” o If you can’t answer author’s purpose questions, go back and reread the introduction and conclusion. o Complete this statement, “The central idea of this text is…” o Go back to the title and ANSWER your questions and write a reflection on the significance of the title Annotating Non-Fiction:

Look Ahead: Yesterday: Frost Poem and Job’s Speech Today: Chunk #1 of Job’s Speech - Annotating Tomorrow: Chunk #2 of Job’s Speech HW Due Monday: Chunk #3 of Job’s Speech Monday: Review Text-Analysis/Annotations Tuesday-Wednesday: Rhetoric Summative Thursday-Friday: TEDTalks

Robert Frost – The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. 1) What is the central idea of this poem? 2) What is the tone of the poem? 3) Push It!!! Can you identify, and label, the rhyme scheme of the poem?

Essential Question: How can rhetorical strategies help a writer, or speaker, construct and enhance an argument?

CLAIM: The author uses__________ to support the central message that_______________. LAYER 1 Ethos, Pathos, Logos LAYER 2 Diction, Syntax, Tone, Irony LAYER 3 Denotation, Connotation, Allusion, Imagery, Parallelism, Enumeration, Paradox, Rhetorical Questions, Anaphora Choose ONE for Claim - Support with 1-2 rhetorical strategies from Layer 2 or Layer 3 in body paragraphs - OR - Choose ONE for Claim - Support with 1-2 rhetorical strategies from Layer 2 or Layer 3 in body paragraphs Supporting Rhetorical Devices Usually, you should NOT include these in your claim! TONE Diction – Syntax – Connotation - Denotation DICTION Connotation - Denotation Parallelism – Enumeration – Anaphora – Rhetorical Questions CLAIM SYNTAX Body Paragraphs BODY PARAGRAPH POWER COMBOS!

Rhetorical Devices: Allusion - A reference to an event, literary work or person. Anaphora - Repeats a word or phrase in successive phrases. Repetition – a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer. Diction - Word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect. Syntax - The way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Tone - The writer's attitude toward their topic.

Steve Jobs’ Commencement Speech Steve Jobs delivering his commencement speech to the graduates of Stanford University in 2005.

DURING READING o Read EVERYTHING and mark the text. o Read AGAIN and add to the notes that you have already made. Mark in the text: o STAR (*) the claim o UNDERLINE any rhetorical devices and/or literary elements. o Put (PARENTHESESE) around signal/cue words (words that help you identify the text structure — cause and effect, compare-contrast, chronological, etc.) o ANSWER questions you created from subheadings o Circle unknown vocabulary Write in the margins: o Summarize o Make predictions o Formulate opinions (agree or disagree with the author) o Make connections (draw arrows and explain the connection) o Ask questions (Clarify/Connect/Conclude/Evaluate) o Analyze literary elements (symbol, metaphor, tone, diction, etc.) o Analyze rhetorical devices (logos, ethos, pathos etc.)  Consider how these devices/elements develop the central idea of the text. o Write reflections/reactions/comments Annotating Non-Fiction:

A rhetorical device uses words in a certain way to convey meaning or to persuade. It can also be a technique to evoke interest and emotion on the part of the reader or audience. rhetorical Rhetorical Appeals: the three main avenues by which people are persuaded: Logos: Strategy of reason, logic, or facts. Any type of argument which appeals to someone’s rational side is appealing to logos. Ethos: Strategy of credibility, authority, or character. Appeals to ethos demonstrate the author’s trustworthiness, expertise and honesty and attempt to put the author in a more positive light to the audience. Pathos: Strategy of emotions and affect (the way the piece makes us feel). Pathos appeals to an audience’s sense of anger, sorrow, pity, or excitement. Examples of other rhetorical devices:  Allusion - a reference to an event, literary work or person - I can’t do that because I am not Superman.  Amplification - repeats a word or expression for emphasis - Love, real love, takes time.  Analogy - compares two different things that have some similar characteristics - He is flaky as a snowstorm.  Anaphora - repeats a word or phrase in successive phrases - "If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh?” (Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare)  Assonance -the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds (not always at the beginning of words) Apples are awesome, Go and mow the lawn.  Cause/Effect: setting up an argument in which the narrator provides a cause (a reason why something happens) and then the subsequent effect(s) (what happens as a result).  Comparison & contrast-mode of discourse where two or more things are compared, contrasted, or both  Connotation-the underlying, implied meaning of a word or phrase  Counter-argument/rebuttal/refutation- an argument technique where opposing arguments are anticipated and negated  Denotation -the dictionary definition of a word  Diction -word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect  Deductive reasoning -movement from the general to the specific  Either/or - a choice or division limited between two options- We found ourselves in an either-or situation.  Enumeration - makes a point with details - Renovation included a spa, tennis court, pool and lounge.  Inductive reasoning -movement from the specific to the general  Inference- a conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or data  Juxtaposition-location of one thing adjacent to another to create an effect or reveal an attitude  Knowledge of audience: structuring an argument in ways that appeal to a particular specific audience  Paradox -statement that seems contradictory but may probably be true  Parallel structure/Parallelism - uses words or phrases with a similar structure - I went to the store, parked the car, and bought a pizza.  Periodic sentence-a long sentence in which the main clause is not completed until the end-In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.  Point of view- the angle of considering things, which shows the opinion or feelings of the individual  Rhetorical question-a question that is asked simply for the sake of stylistic effect  Syntax -the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences  Understatement - makes an idea less important that it really is - The hurricane disrupted traffic. Figurative Language: levels of meaning are also expressed through figures of speech  Alliteration - the repetition of initial consonant sounds - baby buggy bumpers  Hyperbole - an exaggeration - I have done this a thousand times.  Metaphor - compares two things by stating one is the other - The eyes are the windows of the soul.  Onomatopoeia - words that imitate the sound they describe - plunk, whiz, pop  Oxymoron - a two word paradox; combining two apparently contradictory elements - near miss, seriously funny  Personification- treating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person- The leaves danced in the wind.  Pun- sharply contrasting meanings using words with the same sound- Which witch is which?  Simile - a direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another using like, as, or than- He smokes like a chimney; He is as faster than a cheetah Rhetorical Devices: