The Rise of Nationalism Q What were the various stages in the rise of nationalist movements in Asia and the Middle East, and what challenges did they face?

Wilson’s 14 Points & Paris Peace Conference Colonies around the world encouraged by Wilson’s 14 points and “self-determination” of nations Great Britain & France obtained right to rule as mandates of the League of Nations – former German Territories in Africa – Former Ottoman Turkish lands in the Middle East

Currents of Change De-colonization Post WWI Intellectual Challenges to Colonization – Lester Frank Ward Dynamic Sociology (1883) Nationalism Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism – Edward Wilmot Blyden

Currents of Change Modern nationalism – New urban middle class of westernized intellectuals Anti-Colonialism – Educated natives organized political parties Sought reforms Sought an end of foreign rule Sought a restoration of independence

Indian Nationalism Upper class, educated Trained in law and Civil Service Preferred Reform

Indian National Congress o Formed in 1885 o High caste English trained Hindus o Reformers o Demanded share of governance

The New Party & Muslim League New Party – Called for use of political terrorism and violence to achieve national independence Muslim League – Created to represent interests of Muslims in Indian Society

p696 Gandhi High caste, English trained Hindu Hoped to speak for all Indians Satyagraha

p699 British Indian Between the wars

Civil Disobedience Grande “Mahatma” or “Great soul” organized mass protests to achieve his aims – 1919 Amritsar Massacre Government of Indian Act, 1921

March to the Sea, 1930

Women’s Rights

p710 Jawaharlal Nehru

Pakistan 1940, the Muslim League called for the creation of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan British Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten of Burma instrumental (“land of the pure”) 1947

p700 Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah confer before the partition of India into Hindu and Muslim states.

Partition aftermath Violent process – 12.5 million displaced or homeless 14.5 million moved to Pakistan 7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved to India 7 million others moved to other regions 1 million dead 83,000 women abducted during riots and killings Legacy of religious division and intolerance

Independence Indian Independence Act 1947 – created the independent dominions of India and Pakistan.