1. Indian Nationalism & Decolonization

2. British take political control of India
1858
British take political control of India

3. Causes of Indian nationalism:
discontent with British rule
India unified
leadership: Western-educated Indian elite
common language
new print culture
nationalist orgs:
1885 – Indian National Congress
early 1900s – Swadeshi Samitis
1906 – Muslim League

4. Political Nationalism
desire for greater political freedoms, such as:
suffrage
more Indians in government
independence

5. Cultural Nationalism development of “Indian” cultural identity
rewrite histories
emphasis on Hinduism
Indian contributions to math and sciences
idea of Indian art

6. Indian National Congress
1885
1st – Indian elite only
1920s – mass movement (Gandhi)
moderate
constitutional methods
Alan Octavian Hume, founder of Indian National Indian National Union, which became INC

7. Swadeshi Movement early 1900s
Swadeshi = “one’s own country,” self-sufficiency
boycott British goods
Indians produce own goods
Indian schools  nationalist education
nationalism = mass movement

8. Indian National Muslim League
1906
advocate for Muslim political rights
Muhammad Ali Jinnah – leader of Muslim League, founder of Pakistan, and first Governor-General of Pakistan

9. Gandhi ( )
leader of INC, 1920s-1930s
nonviolence (satyagraha)

10. Chronology - early life & training for his future role:
1869 – born in Gujarat
– study law in Britain
, – fight racism in SA

11. Chronology – protest against British rule builds & Gandhi becomes Indian leader:
1915 – Satyagraha Ashram
1919 – Amritsar Massacre
– imprisonment
1924 – 21-day fast: Hindu-Muslim unity
1930 – Salt March
January 1948 – fast: Hindu-Muslim unity
1948 – assassinated by Hindu zealot

13. Gandhi and followers on the Salt March

14. On the beach at Dandi, the end of the Salt March

15. Issues in the Indian nationalist movement
method – nonviolence vs. violence
religion – Hinduism vs. Islam
women’s rights
Q of westernization/modernization

16. Independence August 14, 1947 – Pakistan (Muslim majority)
August 15, 1947 – India (Hindu majority)

17. India before (left) and after (right) 1947

18. Post-Independence Violence
Hindu vs. Muslim
1 million deaths
12 million relocated
Gandhi’s fast  success

19. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) 1st PM of India (1947-1964)
goal: modernize India, via socialist economics & democratic politics