Chapter 14 Nutrients That Promote Growth & Regulate Body Functions (Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, and Water) ©2015 Cengage Learning.

Growth Growth is the result of: –An increase in the number of cells –An increase in the size of cells

At Risk Nutrients Vitamins: A & C Minerals: Calcium & Iron Foods that supply these nutrients are not children's favorites. Red meat is hard to chew Broccoli, cabbage, beets Sour tasting fruits

Proteins Yield amino acids 20 amino acids 9 are essential 20 are non essential Are either complete or incomplete –Complete proteins yield all the essential amino acids. –Incomplete proteins are lacking one or more essential amino acids.

Proteins Incomplete proteins can be combined to provide all of the essential amino acids: –Supplementary proteins = incomplete protein plus a small amount of complete protein –Complementary proteins = two or more incomplete proteins, when combined, form a complete protein

Proteins as Regulators Proteins are involved in a variety of regulatory processes: –Energy metabolism –Fluid distribution –Hormone production

How Much Protein Is Needed? Infants:Protein Needed 0 to 6 mo. 9.1 g/day 7 to 12 mo.11.0 g/day Children: 1 to 3 yr.13.0 g/day 4 to 8 yr.19.0 g/day Males: over 18 yr g/day Females: over 18 yr g/day

Working Proteins Body's enzymes Antibodies Transport vehicle Hormones Cellular pumps Oxygen carriers Structural Proteins Tendons Ligaments Scars Muscle fiber Cores of bones & teeth Filaments of hair Material of nails

Vegetarian Diets Eating foods that do not contain animal flesh. Lacto-ovo veg= includes milk, dairy products, eggs Lacto- veg= includes milk, dairy products but no eggs Ovo veg= only eggs no dairy Vegan= no animal products

Vitamins Vitamins are needed in small amounts (Table 14-3). Large doses of some vitamins can be toxic. Vitamins are classified as: –Water soluble –Fat soluble

Vitamins Water soluble vitamins: –are not stored in the body and must be consumed daily –include Vitamin C, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B 6 and B 12, pantothenic acid, folacin, and biotin. Fat soluble vitamins: –are stored in the body and can be toxic if consumed in large supplement doses –include vitamins A, D, E, and K

Vitamins Vitamins support growth –DNA and RNA production –Cell division –Bone and blood formation Vitamins are involved in regulating body functions –Bone development –Energy metabolism –Neuromuscular function

Should Children Take Vitamin Supplements? Families should always check first with the child’s physician. Vitamin supplements provide small amounts of many vitamins, but not always in the amounts required. For example, only 10 percent of a child’s calcium requirement may be met with a vitamin supplement. This may give parents false assurance that children’s intake is adequate.

Should Children Take Vitamin Supplements? Vitamin supplements may be helpful for some children who are picky eaters. Essential nutrients, such as protein and fiber, accompany the vitamins found in food sources but are absent in supplements.

Minerals Provide no energy Are inorganic substances that are only needed in small amounts Are essential for: –building of body tissues (e.g., bone, teeth, blood) –regulating body functions (e.g., energy metabolism, neuromuscular function)

Bone and Tooth Formation What minerals are required for healthy bone and tooth formation? –Calcium –Phosphorus –Fluoride What food sources supply each of these minerals?

Calcium Most children today do not get enough calcium in their diet. –What factors may be contributing to this change? –What sources other than milk supply calcium?

Calcium Factors that increase the absorption of dietary calcium:  adequate vitamin C and D  increased need Factors that decrease the absorption of dietary calcium: ▼ large dose ▼ high dietary fiber ▼ high intake of protein

Iron Iron plays a critical role in the formation of blood cells. Inadequate iron can contribute to iron- deficiency anemia. Dietary iron is not well-absorbed by the body. Iron absorption is improved when vitamin C is present in a meal.

Water Water plays important roles in the body: –Fluid replacement –Temperature regulation –Building body tissues A child’s need for water is influenced by: –Environmental temperature –Body surface –Activity