CHS AP Psychology Unit 7 Part I: Memory (Cognition) Essential Task 7.1 : Describe the information processing model of memory with specific attention to the following steps: - Encoding: external stimuli, sensory registers, selective attention, reticular formation, short-term memory - Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) and implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories) - Retrieval

Memory The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model

Information Processing Model –Encoding: get the information into our brain –Storage: retain the information –Retrieval: get it back out of storage

3-Stage Processing of Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin: –3 stages of memory: 1.Sensory memory- immediate brief recording of info 2.Short-term memory- holds items briefly 3.Long-term memory- relatively permanent a)Knowledge, skills, experiences

Baddeley’s Working Memory Updates Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Work Newer understanding of short-term memory Conscious, active processing of sensory input and information retrieved from long-term memory

. Get out a clean sheet of paper Write down everything that comes to your mind IN THE ORDER they occur. –Incorrect answers are just as important as correct ones Name the seven dwarfs Memory: The Persistence of Learning Over Time

Answer: Sleepy Dopey Grumpy Sneezy Happy Doc Bashful

Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby Turn your paper over and recall the names again. Do you think you could recognize the right answers?

Answer: Sleepy Dopey Grumpy Sneezy Happy Doc Bashful

Encoding Much information is stored in Short Term Memory (STM) phonologically, according to how it sounds Some information is stored visually Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

Encoding: Automatic vs. Effortful Processing Remembering what you ate last night VS. Learning this chapter’s vocabulary

Ebbinghaus Retention Curve The more you practice, the more you retain. BUT, the quicker you learn, the quicker you forget. Memorizing random letters in chunks…

Spacing Effect Distributing rehearsal (spacing effect) is better than practicing all at once. You can memorize a poem a lot easier if you break it down into 5 parts over 5 days instead of all at once.

Chunking The grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short term memory. M-S-N-N-A-S-A-C-I-A-C-O-M Or MSN NASA CIA COM

I am going to give you a list of words I just want you to listen You have 30 seconds to write down as many words as you can remember Inclusive Memory Activity

Serial Position Effect People tend to recall the first items (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list Demonstrates how short- and long- term memory work together Primacy effect reflects long-term memory Recency effect reflects short-term memory

What We Encode 1.Encoding by meaning 2.Encoding by images 3.Encoding by organization

Encoding Meaning Also known as semantic encoding –We understand the meaning of words –We associate it with what we already know (our schema) *Better recognition later than visual or acoustic*

Visual Encoding Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it

Mnemonics Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory PEMDAS Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

Organizing Information for Encoding Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories. 1.Chunking 2.Hierarchies

Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.

Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy