Chapter 20 Girding for War Objective: Students will be understand the advantages and disadvantages each side had going into the Civil War

The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, its leadership, and the decision for emancipation eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.

The Menace of Secession How can the South Secede? They were like Siamese twins Problems with secession – Who pays the national debt, federal territories, fugitive slave law, European powers playing the North against the South, etc? How can the South Secede? They were like Siamese twins Problems with secession – Who pays the national debt, federal territories, fugitive slave law, European powers playing the North against the South, etc?

Fort Sumter SSouth seized federal property as they seceded LLincoln could have sent reinforcements and supplies or surrender the fort HHe informed the south he was sending in food and other supplies but not troops or arms and ammunition IIn response South Carolina attacked the fort and the Union surrendered the fort SSent the North into a fighting frenzy LLincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers 44 other states secede

Brothers’ Blood and Border Blood -Border States- Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia Lincoln was fighting to save the Union not end slavery Most Indians fought for the South but officially Indian Territory (Oklahoma) never seceded Border states were very important because of their population, location, and manufacturing capabilities Brother vs. Brother

Balance of Forces North Had to force the South back into the Union Good mix of farming and factories Had 3/4ths of the 30,000 miles of RR track Controlled the sea, allowed them to trade with Europe More people, 22-9 Million including immigrants Many were shopkeepers or factory workers less adapted to war Less talented leaders Had to force the South back into the Union Good mix of farming and factories Had 3/4ths of the 30,000 miles of RR track Controlled the sea, allowed them to trade with Europe More people, 22-9 Million including immigrants Many were shopkeepers or factory workers less adapted to war Less talented leaders South Only had to fight to a draw Economy was based on cotton Few factories Outdated transportation system Soldiers were farmers and horsemen, used weapons for hunting Most talented officers Only had to fight to a draw Economy was based on cotton Few factories Outdated transportation system Soldiers were farmers and horsemen, used weapons for hunting Most talented officers

Dethroning King Cotton South needed and counted on foreign help Masses in Europe were for the North, the nobility for the South bumper crops in the South led to a British surplus that lasted almost 2 years, by then Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation Cotton confiscated by the northern armies, blockade runners, Egyptian and Indian cotton all ended the reign of King Cotton Britain also had to import grain from the North due to their own crop failures South needed and counted on foreign help Masses in Europe were for the North, the nobility for the South bumper crops in the South led to a British surplus that lasted almost 2 years, by then Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation Cotton confiscated by the northern armies, blockade runners, Egyptian and Indian cotton all ended the reign of King Cotton Britain also had to import grain from the North due to their own crop failures

The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Trent Affair 1861 Union warship stopped a British ship carrying 2 Confederate diplomats and took them prisoner –A–Almost led to war with Britain The British built and sold the Confederates ships to raid and attack the Union navy, Alabama sunk more than 40 Union ships before being sunk itself

Foreign Flare-ups Laird Rams, 2 warships with iron rams built by the British and were being sold to the Confederacy – US threatened war if they were released – Britain gave in and bought them for the Royal Navy – Britain in 1871 paid for the ships sunk by the Alabama million dollars Southerners raided Vermont twice from Canada; in turn Irish- Americans invaded Canada twice in 1866 and 1870 with a small army of a few hundred 1867 Dominion of Canada was created to unite the Canadian provinces against possible invasion from America Napoleon III of France invaded Mexico City and set Maximilian up on the throne as emperor defying the Monroe Doctrine – France quickly retreated after the Civil War ended Laird Rams, 2 warships with iron rams built by the British and were being sold to the Confederacy – US threatened war if they were released – Britain gave in and bought them for the Royal Navy – Britain in 1871 paid for the ships sunk by the Alabama million dollars Southerners raided Vermont twice from Canada; in turn Irish- Americans invaded Canada twice in 1866 and 1870 with a small army of a few hundred 1867 Dominion of Canada was created to unite the Canadian provinces against possible invasion from America Napoleon III of France invaded Mexico City and set Maximilian up on the throne as emperor defying the Monroe Doctrine – France quickly retreated after the Civil War ended

Davis vs. Lincoln Confederates borrowed from the US Constitution but allowed states to secede States rights vs central government Troops often wouldn’t fight outside their state Davis was close to impeachment, overworked, defied public opinion Lincoln had less troubles, established government, strong financial backing, he grew with the war, led public opinion Confederates borrowed from the US Constitution but allowed states to secede States rights vs central government Troops often wouldn’t fight outside their state Davis was close to impeachment, overworked, defied public opinion Lincoln had less troubles, established government, strong financial backing, he grew with the war, led public opinion

Limitations on Wartime Liberties Blockade, increased the size of the army, gave 2 million dollars to pay for war material, and suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus, all without Congressional approval which was illegal Set up supervised voting in the Border States, ballots were colored according to which party it contained Put down freedom of the press Davis wasn’t able to take away liberties, South would rather loose the war than take away personal rights Blockade, increased the size of the army, gave 2 million dollars to pay for war material, and suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus, all without Congressional approval which was illegal Set up supervised voting in the Border States, ballots were colored according to which party it contained Put down freedom of the press Davis wasn’t able to take away liberties, South would rather loose the war than take away personal rights

Volunteers and Draftees North started out with volunteers—each state had a quota based on its population, in 1863 Congress passed a conscription law – Rich could hire a substitute or pay 300$ – Draft Riots broke out in New York in 1863 mostly by the Irish South at first relied on volunteers first but by April of 1862 they started a draft ages – Hire substitutes and pay for exemptions – Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight North started out with volunteers—each state had a quota based on its population, in 1863 Congress passed a conscription law – Rich could hire a substitute or pay 300$ – Draft Riots broke out in New York in 1863 mostly by the Irish South at first relied on volunteers first but by April of 1862 they started a draft ages – Hire substitutes and pay for exemptions – Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight

Economic Stresses of War North fared much better than the South Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol, income taxes, custom duties, Morrill Tariff Act, increased duties, also issued paper money that was not backed by gold, the value was based on the countries credit, which varied depending on how well the war was going Biggest financial boost was in selling war bonds—over $2 billion National Banking System 1863 –B–Banks could buy bonds and issue paper money based on them –B–Big step towards a unified banking system, replaced by the FDIC South –S–Sold bonds, increased taxes, 10% levy on farm goods, hard to enforce taxes through a weak central government –P–Printed paper money backed by nothing and inflated until one dollar was worth 1.6 cents, 9,000% inflation rate

The North’s Economic Boom The North came out of the war economically ahead of when it started New factories protected by the tariffs, high prices, all lead to the first millionaire class in the United States Many dishonestly made money off of the war New machines allowed factories and farms to keep up with the loss of manpower Ended custom tailoring and introduced standard sizes Opportunities for women – Women took men’s jobs – 500 became government workers – Needed in industries to run new machines i.e. sewing machine – Many posed as male soldiers up to 400 – Nurses The North came out of the war economically ahead of when it started New factories protected by the tariffs, high prices, all lead to the first millionaire class in the United States Many dishonestly made money off of the war New machines allowed factories and farms to keep up with the loss of manpower Ended custom tailoring and introduced standard sizes Opportunities for women – Women took men’s jobs – 500 became government workers – Needed in industries to run new machines i.e. sewing machine – Many posed as male soldiers up to 400 – Nurses