Introduction to the Child health Nursing and Nutritional Need Lecture 1 1

2 Definitions Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.(WHO) Pediatric Nursing or Child health nursing: is the specialty nursing care of babies and children. A nurse who specializes in this area is usually referred to as a pediatric nurse.

3 Definitions..cont Mortality :Rate of occurrence death. Morbidity: a specific illness in the population (respiratory illness) Mortality of infancy: 200/1000 at the beginning of twenty century. 1.Low birth wt <2500mg = Higher mortality 2.Short or long gestational.

4 Other Risk Factors for Infant Mortality 1.Black race 2.Male gender 3.Short or long gestation 4.Maternal age (younger or older) 5.Maternal education

5 Childhood Mortality Injuries are leading cause of death in age >1 year 1.Motor vehicle crashes 2.Drowning 3.Burns 4.Poisoning

6 Roles of Child health Nurse 1.Therapeutic relationship. 2.Family caring. 3.Disease prevention 4.Health promotion 5.Supporting 6.Coordination 7.Ethical decision making. 8.Research

Nutritional needs of the Neonate 7

Introduction: Good nutrition is essential for the growth and development that occurs during an infant’s first year of life. When developing infants are fed the appropriate types and amounts of foods, their health is promoted. 8

Feeding the Infant Early nutrition affects later development, and early feedings establish eating habits that influence nutrition throughout life. 9

10 SFCC: Figure 14.14

Nutrient Needs 11

Nutrient Needs 12

Why Is Breast Milk So Good for Babies? 13

Why Is Breast Milk So Good for Babies? The American Dietetic Association (ADA) and American Association of Pediatrics recognize exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, and breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months, as an optimal feeding pattern for infants. Breastfeeding is a natural extension of pregnancy – the mother’s body continues to nourish the infant. 14

Breast milk is more easily and completely digested than infant formula, so breastfed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants do. During the first few weeks, the newborn will need approximately 8 to 12 feedings a day, on demand. As the infant gets older, there are longer intervals between feedings. 15

Energy Nutrients in Breast Milk 16

Immune Factors in Breast Milk During the first two or three days of lactation, the breasts produce colostrum, a premilk substance containing antibodies and white cells from the mother’s blood. Breastfed infants may have: Less allergies Less CVD Lower blood cholesterol Less ear and respiratory infections 17

Other Potential Benefits May protect against obesity in childhood and later years. May have a positive effect on later intelligence. 18

Formula Feeding Infant formulas are designed to resemble breast milk and nutrient composition. Special formulas are available for premature infants, allergic infants, and others. Formulas should be replaced with milk after the baby’s first birthday. 19

Formula Feeding 20

21 Complementary feeding practices Different reasons to start complementary food can be highlighted: Breast milk is not enough in quantity: this is the main reason for the huge majority of the mothers. Breast milk is not sufficient to cover the infant’s nutritional needs for growing. The mother has to go to work, so the child must be partially weaned.

22 Lactation Nutrient Needs Energy Intake – need about +650 kcals to support milk production Exercise – intense may raise lactic acid concentration of breast milk and baby may not like the taste Vitamin and Minerals – maintained in breast milk at expense of maternal stores if poor po intake; B6, B12, A, D;

23 Water – need plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration – drink a glass of fluid at each meal Nutrient Supplements – iron to replace stores – often continue prenatal vitamins Particular Foods – foods with strong or spicy flavors may alter flavor of breast milk. – some infants may be sensitive to particular foods that mom eats

24 During Lactation Don’t: Don’t drink alcohol Don’t take medications unless OK by Medical Provider Don’t take illegal drugs Don’t smoke Don’t get into environmental contaminants Don’t have caffeine

Consumer Corner: Formula’s Advertising Advantage 25

Any Question? 26

Student practice 1 1.Is breast feeding during pregnancy safe? Clarify? 2.Compare between breast feeding and formula feeding?