NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Why were nationalistic revolutions occurring throughout Latin America? Mexico Spanish South America

Latin America Gains Independence The successes of the American & French Revolutions along with the Enlightenment began to spread into Spain & Portugal’s colonial areas In Latin America, there was a strong class system set up by the people who were from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal) Your rights depended where you were in this system Peninsulares Creoles (Criollo) Mestizos Slaves Indians Europeans from Spain/Portugal Mixed Indian & European Mixed African & European Indigenous People Europeans born in Latin America Mulattos African Slaves

HAITI (Saint Domingue) The first revolution in Latin America occurs in the Caribbean in K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) The slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ovuverture When Napoleon comes to power he sends French Troops to retake the island from the slaves Toussaint agrees to stop the revolution if France ends slavery in Saint Domingue (Haiti) French trick & capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps More slaves join the fight – slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines 1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon leaves the Americas Significance: First ever totally successful African slave revolt and independent nation run by former slaves

SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA Many Creole’s did not support Spain’s new King Joseph Bonaparte South America’s wars of independence are led by two brilliant Creole Generals named Simon Bolívar & Jose de San Martín Bolívar was a wealthy Venezuelan, San Martín was from Argentina Simon Bolívar Jose de San Martín Bolívar’s Venezuela declared independence from Spain in 1811 – not easy his volunteer army suffers many defeats 1819: In a surprise move, Bolívar leads his army over the Andes Mountains into Columbia (New Grenada), capturing the capital of Bogotá Venezuela/Columbia gain independence (Gran Columbia) & Bolívar begins to liberate Ecuador/Peru From Argentina (Rio De La Plata), San Martín began his independence movement in 1816

Spanish had a strong army in nearby Chile 1817: San Martín teams up w/ a Irish-Peruvian named Bernardo O’Higgins Bernardo O’Higgins Together they crossed in the Andes Mountains into Chile Combined armies beat the Spanish in Chile San Martín heads north to Peru & Ecuador San Martín and Bolívar discuss combining armies for one last push to defeat Spain Bolivar leads combined armies. December 9, 1824 the final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru Creates Peru/Bolivia

MEXICO & CENTRAL AMERICA In 1810, a poor but well-educated priest that strongly believed in the Enlightenment called for a rebellion against Spain His name is Padre Miguel Hidalgo To symbolize the start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church This was El Grito de Dolores, the Cry of Dolores Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 people would join The Spanish Army led by Creoles would defeat Hidalgo’s army in 1811 Hidalgo will be executed by the Spanish Authorities Padre Miguel Hidalgo

Padre Jose Maria Morelos would continue the fight for independence but four years later, the Spaniards would defeat him as well After return of King of Spain, Mexican Creoles would lose their privileges (Legitimacy) Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians calling for Independence from Spain Creole General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence in 1821 In 1821, Spain dealing with issues in Europe grants independence to Mexico & Central American States The Central American want independence from Mexico as well Iturbide declares himself Emperor of Mexico and will not allow independence for Central American states Iturbide is overthrown and Central American states get independence in 1823 Five independent countries form United Provinces of Central America Jose Maria Morelos Agustin Iturbide

BRAZIL After Napoleon invaded Portugal, the King of Portugal moved his family and government to the colony of Brazil King João (John VI) declared Brazil the Kingdom of Portugal & Brazil For 14 years, the Portuguese government ran out of Rio de Janeiro After Napoleon’s defeat King João and his royal court returned to Portugal (Legitimacy) João’s son Pedro stayed behind in Brazil When King João decided to make Brazil a colony again, Brazilian Creoles demanded independence from Portugal 8,000 Brazilians signed a petition asking for independence & to allow João’s son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil In 1822, King João agrees and grants Brazil independence Brazil’s independence was a bloodless revolution Dom Pedro I