Francis Dineen Ana Delgadillo Christie DeCarolis Edward Jackson

GALILEO GALILEI  Lived from February 15 th, January 8 th,  Career  Astronomical Discoveries  Science contributions  Galileo was considered “The Father of Mother Science”

Career Galileo started his degree at University of Pisa, where he was to study medicine. However, he became fascinated with mathematics and decided to make the mathematical subjects and philosophy his profession. Moreover, obtained the chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa in 1589.

Discoveries Telescope : Improved lenses…He reshaped lenses but not only that, he reshaped the view of the world. Reshaped lenses magnified objects up to 20x He drew the Moon's phases as seen through the telescope, showing that the Moon's surface is not smooth, but is rough and uneven Saw that Venus showed phases like the moon did, therefore it orbits the Sun rather than the Earth Measured the period for four of Jupiter’s moon

Galileo and Motion Galileo had the idea of slowing down the motion. As a result, to prove it, he rolled balls down really gentle slops so the speed build up very slowly. He reasoned that as balls rolled down slopes, they would accelerate, just like they did in free fall, but more slowly. Galileo had designed a very accurate incline plane, one of the most important pieces of experimental apparatus in the history of science, thanks to this plane he accurately measured acceleration.

Science Contributions Galileo devised and improved a geometric and military compass suitable to use for gunners and surveyors Constructed the thermometer He was one of the first to state that the Laws of Nature are mathematical Galileo's most valuable scientific contribution was his founding of physics on precise measurements rather than on metaphysical principles and formal logic

Galileo's Copernicanism The Copernican theory went against some biblical passages, which led Galileo to many problems. The Copernican theory consists that the sun is the center of the cosmos and the Earth rotates on itself plus moves around it. Moreover, in 1632 Galileo published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. This dialogue caused to be a great controversy and became the "Great Debate” at that time. Before 1632, he did not have the theory and evidence he needed to support his claim about unified, singular matter. He had thought deeply about the nature of matter before 1610 and had tried to work out how best to describe matter, but the idea of unified matter theory had to wait on the establishment of principles of matter's motion on a moving earth. And this he did not do until the Dialogues.

How did the people of his time feel about his findings? Galileo's confirmation of Copernicus' theory led to controversy. It went against Biblical passages that suggested the earth was the center of the universe. Dominican priests complained formally about Galileo's theories and Galileo had to go to Rome to defend them. This was all occurring in the wake of the Protestant Reformation and during the Inquisition, so theories that went against Church or Biblical thought were taken very seriously. Inquisition consultants declared Copernicus' theory heresy. Despite this, Galileo wrote the book Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic & Copernican, which began to circulate in Due to its publication, Galileo was brought to Rome the next year to appear before the Inquisition. He was found to be a heretic, forced to renounce his beliefs, and sentenced to life in prison.

How and when did these feelings change? Despite Galileo's fate, by the middle of the 17th century most astronomers had accepted Copernicus' theory. By the end of the century many universities were teaching Copernican theory in addition to the earlier Ptolemaic theory (earth was the center of the universe). In the eighteenth century the Copernican theory was slowly more accepted, but it wasn't even until 1822 the Catholic Church allowed the printing of books that discussed this theory.

How have these findings impacted us today? Galileo was one of the scientists who majorly changed the way "doing" science was approached. Instead of focusing on why things happened in space, he focused on how things happened and tried to explain things by experiments and measurements. He focused on the practical application of science more so than others in the field at the time, who tended to be more of philosophers than scientists.

FIN