+ Chapter 2 The Expansion of Trade

+ Things we will learn How the expansion of trade can result in the introduction of new goods and ideas to a society How geography influences the development of trade in a region or country In what ways do physical geography of Renaissance Europe affect trade and competition among European countries? How did increased trade lead to the emergence of powerful city-states? Focus Question: What impact might increased trade and business have on a society’s worldview?

+ Worldview Review The way in which we see the world influences who we are, our actions, our attitude, the way we live our life. Our worldview explains to us why the world is the way it is, as well as what we should do with our life.

+ Why are geography, society, and economy important elements of worldview for this chapter?

+ Marco Polo European explorer Travelled the Silk Road Not many Europeans at the time had the same experiences as him Why do you think Marco Polo’s writings about his travels became so popular?  What does this shoe about peoples attitudes toward the world beyond Europe?

+ The Rise of International Trade Look at the map on page 40. What were important goods needed at the time? What makes a trading center successful? What can be harmful to a trading center?

+ The Expansion of Trade What factors contributed to the rise of trade between Western Europe and the East at the beginning of the Renaissance? What factors nearing the end of the Middle Ages opened the door to change?

+ Trade Between Western Europe and the East How does trade effect our society today? What new products have been introduced to our society as a result of increased global trade? How has global trade changed Canadian identity and Worldview? What impact might increased trade and business have on a society’s worldview?

+ The Crusades Series of religious wars in the Holy Land (at this time, near Palestine) Crusaders called themselves the “Knights of Christ” Treated the mission as an “armoured pilgrimage” Were the Crusades REALLY all about Religion? Byzantine Emperor was concerned for the success of the Empire and appealed to the West for help through religious venues

+ The Crusades Pope Urban II agreed to help the Emperor Crusaders believed that their sins would be forgiven if they fought in the name of God First Crusade ( ) Second Crusade ( ) Third Crusade ( ) Fourth Crusade ( )

+ The Crusades and Trade Trade between Venice and other cities in Italy was re- established before the Polo’s journey Resulted from the Crusades between Christians and Muslims Palestine was under Christian control initially, then was taken over by Turks (who became Muslim)

+ The Crusades and Trade The Pope ordered a Christian Crusade to drive out Muslims Many people died, knights sent to fight Saw fighting as a way to get to heaven First Crusade: Christian kingdom in Middle East 1187: new Muslim leader brought end to Crusades, Muslims regained land

+ The Crusades and Trade Contact with Muslims and trade came out of the Crusades Muslim world more advanced than Europe Europeans learned new ideas about medicine, astronomy, philosophy, math, and ancient literature through contact with others

+ The Crusades and Trade Muslim societies welcomed contributions of other scholars Europeans brought back oils, spices, new fruits from Muslim trade

+ Asking Geographic Questions What is Physical Geography? What is Human Geography? To what extent was the development of trade routes in Europe influenced by large rivers? How much of European sea-going trade was controlled by the Italian city-states?

+ Goods from the East Trade with Muslims brought luxurious goods not normally available to Europeans. Precious jewels, rugs, and fabrics brought into Italy Spices became very valuable Improved taste of food Ships carrying goods returned to Genoa and Venice, merchants from other cities in Italy and northern Europe came to buy valuable trade goods to sell

+ Moving Goods and Resources What are the differences/similarities between how goods are transported today compared to during the Renaissance? What does the story of Jacques Cartier tell us about human interest in trade? Why are most trade routes developed along rivers, lakes and coastlines?

+ The Crusades and Trade What are 3 things you can think of that show how the Crusades and trade may have impacted worldviews at the time Get together with the person next to you and discuss Be ready to share your ideas with the class What is common between trade routes in Canada and in Europe? Are there any new ways of trade in today’s society?

+ Fast Forward What would be a valuable trade good in Canadian society today?

+ Italian City-States Focus Question: How did increased trade and advantages of time and place influence the development of strong city- states in Italy?

+ Italian City-States Italy was not unified as a country during the Renaissance period Prior to unification it was a collection of City-States City-State The city is independent of other overarching government (autonomous) Encompasses a hinterland

+ Italian City-States Four main contributing factors to the success of the Italian city-states: Geography Climate Leadership Social Organization Four main city-states Venice Milan Florence Genoa

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+ The Success of City-States City-states around northern Italy were in the right place at the right time to become wealthy There were many different factors that contributed to their success

+ Geography Italy was closet to port cities of Northern Africa, eastern Mediterranean Sea Spices and other luxury goods were traded Because of the location, transporting goods by sea was easier and cheaper

+ Climate Mild climate in Italy Trade/travel weren’t interrupted by winter weather There was a long growing season, which allowed for more production of certain fruits/vegetables Wine and olive oil valuable trade goods

+ Leadership Northern Italy was a collection of city-states Had own governments, militaries, etc. Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa were wealthy city-states

+ Social Organization Feudalism not as powerful in Italy Nobles moved to towns, were upper class in society Involved in business and politics

+ Genoa Genoas Italian city state name is Genova which means: A seaport in northwestern Italy. In the 1400’s approximate population was 100,000 people People of Genoa were Christian

+ Florence Florence is located in the middle of Italy. In the 1400’s approximate population was 100,000 people The Medici family became the leader of Florence and it became a major part of the Renaissance. They supported artists, architects and scholars.

+ Florence Leonardo Da Vinci was a renaissance man, as well at Botticelli People were Christian INTERESTING FACTS: 1) There are 465 steps to the top of Brunelleschi’s cupola. 2) Ponte Vecchio is only bridge in Florence to survive WW11 intact.

+ Venice Population of Venice- 270, 660 Marco Polo was a writer and an adventurer. They are Christians Bellini was a painter who revolutionized Venetian painting, moving towards a more sensuous and coloristic style.

+ Competition for Trade City-states were competing with each other to expand their business/trade Genoa and Venice were in competition with each other for control over sea routes in the Mediterranean Venice was a powerful trading centre because of dealings with the East At it’s most powerful state, Venetian merchants had thousands of ships travelling along Mediterranean Called the Venice Arsenal

+ Competition for Trade Genoa was also along the coast Controlled share of trade along eastern Mediterranean Ports in the Black Sea Western Mediterranean: controlled trade with Spanish ports After fleet of trade ships were destroyed in 1380, Genoa wasn’t as powerful

+ Commerce in City States What is commerce?

+ Commerce in City-States Merchants made money by buying goods and selling them for a higher price somewhere else Merchants bought and sold resources that needed to be turned into goods (ex. Raw wool that was made into cloth)

+ Revolt in Florence The economy was weakened by Black Death Wool carders were upset about high unemployment, who didn’t belong to guilds Wanted to form own guild, but were denied Called for uprising of lower classes Took over government for short time, but eventually defeated

+ Making Money with Money Bankers and merchants brought wealth to cities Banking houses established across Europe Florin was most important currency in Europe Charging interest (usury) after lending money was important in creating wealth

+ Making Money with Money The Church considered usury to be a sin But with international trade growing, the Church allowed charging interest on large investments of money Did this to encourage investment in international trade

+ Politics and Money Changing economies affected politics in cities Various groups wanted political power (nobles, bankers, merchant families, etc.) Bankers and merchants saw their competition with each other harmed ability to do business Began to support strong leaders who promised stability

+ Making Money with Money Italian and European bankers and merchants travelled around Europe on business, this exposed them to the Italian lifestyle. Because the Italians had so much more contact with the world outside of Europe, other Europeans were impressed with the beautiful cities and the sophistication of the Italians.

+ Business PracticePurpose Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies Used to raise capital (money) for larger projects. Less financial risk to the individual. Banks Provided money-lending services as well as issuing Bills of Exchange. Bills of Exchange Worked like modern chequing account. Merchant would deposit gold and receive a Bill of Exchange. Could the turn that in for gold at other banks. Easier and safer than carrying gold along trade routes. Insurance Paid a small fee to insure goods during travel. If goods were damaged or lost, insurance company pays replacement costs. If goods arrive safely, insurance company keeps the fee.

+ Economics and Citizenship The economy went into a depression in the years after the black death. The slump was not fully over until the early 1500s, but merchants and bankers continued to grow wealthier through trade and commerce. Wealthy citizens contributed heavily to the beautification of their cities, it was believed that it encouraged feelings of loyalty and pride in the general public.