1. Chapter 2 The Expansion of Trade
Focus: Geography, Economy and Society
Focus Question: What impact might increased trade and business have on a society’s worldview?
-Marco Polo p.39
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2. The Rise of International Trade
Italy was described as “____________________________________”
The “____________” was the route used that connected the civilizations from the Mediterranean in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
Not only trades passed along this route, but the exchange of _______and__________________.

3. The Crusades and Trade
Causes of the Crusades: Jerusalem and the area around it was, and still is, sacred to the___________,________, and_______. Christians called this area the____ _____. Christian pilgrimages were made nearly impossible by the Turks in the 1100’s. As well, European rulers often used successes in warfare as a way to gain_______; __________helped to finance the wars, because they might gain access to rich trade routes that connected with_________.
By 1096, the Byzantine Empire was attacked and they asked the _______for help…the Pope responded and the First Crusade began.

4. The First Crusade( )
Several European armies started out for the Byzantine capital of _____________and planed to attack Palestine from there. Many crusaders did not take enough supplies; tens of thousands died on the way, and some were _____________and_____________. Still many were ready to attack Palestine.
Christian forces took over the cities of Antioch and Nicaea, and captured ___________in They divided the conquered land into 4 Crusader states: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem.

5. The Second Crusade ( )
Muslim Turks recaptured the Edessa State in 1144….________ and _________ armies went on the Crusade, but were defeated by the Muslims.
Christians kept control of the other states, partly because of disagreements among the Muslim leader; however this changed in the late 1100’s with the rise of a new Muslim Leader (_________ ____________). In 1187, he had a large enough force to attack the Crusader States….he recaptured Jerusalem.

6. The Third Crusade ( )
After Jerusalem was recaptured, the _____ sought after another Crusade…some of the most powerful leaders in Europe went (like Richard the Lion-Hearted…..remember Robin Hood). This Crusade was as successful as the First; however, they did not recapture Jerusalem.
In 1192 Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce; however, in return, Saladin agreed to allow Christian ________________to Jerusalem.

7. The Fourth Crusade ( )
The _________did not last. To pay the Italian Traders for transporting them, the Crusaders agreed to ________ the Byzantine city of Zara, they then defeated Constantinople to have a political ally in charge of the Byzantine Empire. The Pope was ________ with them for attacking Christian cities, but could do nothing to stop them. The Crusaders did not continue after this, and the Byzantine Empire was weakened as a result of this Crusade.

8. Effects of the Crusades
Contact with the Muslim Civilization - the Muslim world was more __________. Europeans were exposed to new ideas about ___________, _____________, ____________, ____________, and __________ ______. The Muslims also invited contributions of Christian and Jewish scholars…which resulted in advances in learning.
Trade - New goods, like oil, spices, and new fruit came from the Muslim would….Europeans wanted more of these _______….leading to increase in _________ with Europe and the East. This helped European towns to grow and made merchants even more _____________.

9. Goods from the East
New ____________ goods became available after the Crusades. International trade was on the rise for these goods….things like precious jewels, rugs and fabrics.
The most valuable and sought after goods were __________. It improved the taste of food and could also increase the food’s _____________. Peppercorns were so valuable that it was worth more than _________ and each peppercorn was counted out by merchants.
Most ships with these goods landed in _________ and __________, and every merchants flocked to get there. They then took the goods to other cities and trading centers to sell.

10. Moving Goods and Resources
Moving goods was a ________ expense…and options were limited (not like today). Ships moved across the coast, boats along rivers, and by horse, ox, or mule overland.
During this time there was trade for _____________ available within Europe, and for luxury goods from the ___________.
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11. Italian city states
European countries did not look like they do today….the borders were much different. Some, like Italy, weren’t _______________ yet.
Most countries were more like ___________ or empires ruled by _______________.
Italy was a collections of city-states (a city that is politically ______________ and the ________ area around it.) This rural area was called the hinterland.

12. Success of City-states
________________ played a big role in the economic success of cities (like Florence). Italian cities became the wealthiest cities in ___________. Geography, climate, leadership, and social organizations help account for this ________________.

13. Geography (Italian City-States)
Italy was the closest to the _________ cities of Northern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean Sea (this is where __________ and most luxurious goods came for _____________).
__________________ of those luxurious goods was easier for traders of the ___________ States, than for other traders in Europe.

14. Climate (Italian City-States)
The climate is __________ (warmer) than other European countries….this meant weather did not _______________ trade.
Had _____________ growing seasons (like grapes and olives).

15. Leadership (Italian City-States)
Northern Italy was a collection of ____________City-States. They had their own ____________ and ____________; unlike the rest of Europe, where they were ruled by monarchies.
Venice, Milan, Florence, and Genoa became the _____________ banking, trading, and business centers of Europe.

16. Social organization (italian city-states)
Since ___________ wasn’t strong here…nobles moved to towns and joined up with the businessmen and politicians…they joined __________ upper class.

17. Competition for Trade
All the city-states wanted to expand their trade and business…there was a fierce ___________________ for this. This was especially true for who ________________ the trade routes.
Venice was easily protected from invaders, as it was a group of islands in a ______________(from ancient times). It was great for trade as thousands of ships travelled through to get out to the ___________________ Sea. The Venice Arsenal became the largest ship building center in Europe.
Genoa had trade ports in the Eastern Mediterranean and the ___________ Sea. They controlled trade with Spanish ports. However, Venice and Genoa fought in 1380, Venice _________________ the Genoese fleet in a naval battle…Genoa never regained its previous _______________.

18. Commerce in City-States
Merchants made __________ by buying goods one place and selling them for higher prices somewhere else. The bought ready made goods as well as raw resources.
The ___________ family were strong merchants!
P.51: Doing Business
Like in England and France, there was a revolt in Florence; however, it was against the ciompi (wool carders). The __________ did not belong to a ________, and wanted to form their own; however, they were _____________ doing this by the government and large guilds (run by wealthy merchants). The ciompi then called for an uprising of the lower classes. They took over the __________________ for a short while, then were defeated by the large guilds.

19. Making Money with Money
__________, like merchants, brought money into the cities. “Florin” actually became the most important currency in Europe during the Renaissance.
The practice of ____________ (charging interest) came about, and played a huge part in creating wealth. In the middle ages, the church thought this was ____________. However, because of the increase in International trade, money was being tied up for years; and to _____________ trade, the church began to allow the charging of interest for trade that involved risk (like travelling unsafe waters….aka…_________________).

20. City-states were _________________, especially politics…
City-states were _________________, especially politics….everyone wanted more ______; including: nobles, bankers, wealthy merchants families, shopkeepers, _______________. In order to do trade (and increase wealth) these people began to support those that could promise them some sort of _________________.
Florence began to compete with other cities in ____________…and travelled around Europe doing business. This exposed all of Europe to the Italian _________________ (who had been exposed to more of the outside world). Europeans loved the art, cities and worldly knowledge of Italy; therefore, Italian values and ideas spread across Europe.

21. The Medici Family
The most _____________ and ______________ family in Italy.
They made their fortune as _________ and _______ merchants and ___________.

22. Economics and Citizenship
After the black _________, the economy went into a depression until the 1500’s.
Merchants and bankers grew _____________ because of trade and commerce.
Wealthy people spent their money on the ______, and these citizens helped contribute to the _________________ of their cities. This encouraged ________ and _________ in the people.