Chapter 26 – The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartland, and Qing China

Ottomans in full retreat – Russia and Austria seized territories, north African provinces broke away

Early 18 th c. Ottoman in decline, weak rulers, drained revenues, economy suffered from competition with the West Austrians pushed Ottomans from Hungary and Balkans

Lord Byron – Romantic poet - died in Greek revolution Greece wins independence – 1830 Serbia in 1867 Mahmud II – 19 th c. Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms based on Western precedents, launched far reaching reforms patterned on Western models

Young Turks – Members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress; intellectuals and political agitators seeking the return of the 1876 constitution; gained power through a coup in 1908

Mamluks – Rulers of Egypt under the Ottomans; defeated by Napoleon in 1798; revealed the vulnerability of the Muslim world Muhammad Ali – Controlled Egypt by 1811; began a modernization process based on western models but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848 Khedives - Descendants of Muhammad Ali; rulers of Egypt until 1952

Suez Canal – built to link the Med. And Red Seas in 1869

British occupied Egypt to safeguard their financial and Strategic interest in canal Muhammad Ali’s successors abandoned reform and became dependent on single crop, cotton. Became indebted to European creditors Egyptian foreign debt and strategic importance of the Suez Canal stimulated British and French thoughts of intervention British intervened to save the ruler after a revolt British consuls thereafter directed the Egyptian government through puppet khedives

The Rise and Fall of the Qing (CHING) Empire in China Manchu leader Nurhaci united the tribes conquered China Manchu elite adopted Chinese ways Chinese scholar-gentry entered Manchu service Manchu retained much of the political system of the ming Chinese and Manchu officials were paired at the highest post Examination system continued Rulers generous patrons of the arts and employed scholars to compile great encyclopedias of Chinese Learning

Until 18 th c. influx of silver in payment for exports created a favorable balance of payments Late 18 th c. Qing in decline Exams riddled by cheating and favoritism

White Lotus Rebellion – rebellion started by peasants – crushed but the glory days of the Qing were fading

Opium War – an unfavorable balance of trade with Europe Fought between Britain and Qing China beginning in 1839 to protect the British trade in opium; British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China Awarded British Hong Kong and opened other ports to European trade Opium continued to flow into China

Taiping Rebellion – Massive rebellion in southern China in the 1650s and 1860s led by Hong Xiuquan; sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty and Confucianism Semi-Christian prophet, social reform, land redistribution and liberation of women. Local gentry rallied to the Qing and assisted in the defeat of the reellion

There was a Chinese nationalist uprising in against foreigners, the representatives of alien powers, and Chinese Christians. Expulsion of all foreigners from China was the ultimate objective of the uprising. The name Boxers (Yi He Quan) refers to "The Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fist," a loose English translation of a Chinese term also meaning "righteous harmony band." In 1899 the Boxers, a secret society of Chinese, began a campaign of terror against Christian missionaries in the northeastern provinces. Although the Boxers were officially denounced, they were secretly supported by many of the royal court, including the dowager empress Cixi (Tz'u Hsi). Economic and political exploitation of China by various Western powers and Japan and humiliating military defeats inflicted by Great Britain in the Opium War ( ) and by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War ( ) were the main causes of Chinese resentment. Boxer Rebellion of

Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization Resistance centered in secret societies Sun Yat-sen “Father of Modern China” Revolutions were deeply hostile to European involvement in Chinese affairs Rebellion forced the abdication of the last Manchu in 1912 Establishment of republican form of government End of civil service exam Ending of the use of Confucian values for governing society. Era of scholar-gentry had closed

Global Connections: Muslim and Chinese Decline – Shifting Global Balance China and Islam – crisis and decline Muslims faced the threat of the West since Middle Ages Chinese had to face a sudden and brutal challenge Chinese regarded Westerners as barbarians with a culture Muslims had many centers to defend Muslims cling to Islam Chinese did not have a great indigenous religious tradition