I. Maritime Revolution to 1550

A. Regional Voyages --Existed for thousands of years Overland trade routes through 1000’s C.E.: 1. C. Asians into India, Middle East, E. Europe 2. Muslims into Africa, Asia 3. Mongols into China Maritime travel: 1. Mongol attempts to conquer Japan 2. Muslim merchants in Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean 3. Chinese voyages (Zheng He)

B. Pacific Islanders 1.Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands: using ‘raft-boat’ building 2.Linguistic evidence ‘traces’ migration through the Pacific 3.Established warlike regional kingdoms w/ complex societies of priests & nobles

Polynesia *600 – 1400 some migration & conquest

Polynesian Boat-Rafts

New Zealand: 700’s – Polynesians migrate & create Maori tribe

C. Malaysian Travel 1.Malayo-Indonesian explorations across Indian Ocean, colonizing of Madagascar 2.Brought crops (banana) & shipbuilding knowledge 3.E. Africans intermixed with Malays & took knowledge of shipbuilding back to Swahili Coast

Pacific Voyages of Discovery

D. West Africa 1.W. African coastal exploration using canoes & inland along rivers 2.Mali sent two Atlantic expeditions in 13 th c. which never reached new lands…

E. Amerindians 1.South American Amerindians sailed up Pacific Coast settling western Mexico 2.Arawaks from South America sailed north to the West Indies, settling in the Antilles & Bahamas 3. Arawaks challenged by Carib Indians

Amerindian Voyages of Discovery

II. European Exploration 15 th -16 th c. 1. Overland: most famous Marco Polo 2.Maritime: - Viking Norsemen from Scandinavia raiding into Europe in the 9 th -10 th c.; 11 th c. sailed to Greenland & North America - Italians (Genoese & Venetians) trading around Mediterranean in late 1200’s

Viking Expansion

A. Why 15 th c. Change? - Chinese compass & Arab astrolabe - better ships (caravels) - Map-making improves - Europeans established colonies in the Canary Islands - spread south along W. African coast

New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps Sextant Mariner’s Compass

1.Exploring nations were NOT “wealthier” monarchies of England, France, Germany…BUT “poorer” Spain & Portugal Why??? – Spain heavily drawn into Muslim world – Portugal drawn into Africa in 1400’s for gold – position at doorway to Atlantic – Prince Henry “the Navigator” 2.Slaves & gold main commodities sought B. Portuguese Exploration

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

Prince Henry of Portugal 1.key factors - curiosity - religious fervor - financial gain 2.Prince Henry invested in sailing around Muslims in N. Africa & Middle East 3.Started navigation school 4.Improved ships (caravel) 5.Intro. of cash crops produced for European markets (slaves)

New Weapons & Technology

C. Reaching Cape of Good Hope 1.Bartholomeu Dias (1488): reaches Cape of Good Hope & Indian Ocean 2.Vasco da Gama ( ): rounds Cape of Good Hope & reaches Calicut, Indian 3. Pedro Alvares Cabral (1508), trying to trace da Gama’s route, was caught in the ‘westerlies’ (winds) that carried him to South America -- Brazil

Portuguese: Africa-India (15-16 th c.)

D. Spanish Exploration (when Kingdoms of Aragon & Castille won Granada from the Moors), Ferdinand & Isabella funded Christopher Columbus’ bid to reach the East by sailing west 2.Columbus attempted to secure Portuguese funding for African exploration…but failed 3.Generally believed that the world was round BUT its size was grossly underestimated 4.Columbus reached the islands of the West Indies (Caribbean) 5.‘New World’ named after a competitor, Amerigo Vespucci

Christófo Colón [ ]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

E. Treaty of Tordesillas , Spain & Portugal ‘divided the world in two down the Atlantic 2.Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain: the Americas (except for Brazil) & Portugal: Africa & Asia 3.Ferdinand Magellan ( ) circumnavigated the globe & opened up Pacific to Europeans: - lucrative “Spice Islands” (Strait of Malaca) Portuguese - Philippines became Spanish

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): “Line of Demarcation” The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): “Line of Demarcation”

European Exploration 15 th -16 th c.

The “Triangle” of Trade

Thesis Writing Exercise: What was the impact of the Spanish in the Americas, as compared with the Portuguese in Africa and the East? What enabled the Spanish to conquer such enormous territory with so few men?