1. Maritime Revolution

2. Maritime Expansion before 1450 ► Navigation difficult  Ships had to be sturdy  Required adequate propulsion Despite challenges, humans ventured into the world’s oceans and seas for travel  Develop improved ship design and navigation technologies

3. Atlantic Ocean ► Vikings dominated Atlantic Ocean travel  W/o use of navigation devices ► Motivated by economics to travel great distances by water ► Trans-Atlantic exploration  770-Iceland  982-Greenland  Around 1000- Leif Ericsson, settlement in Newfoundland (Canada)  However, Vikings soon abandoned their settlements in North America

4. http://www.greenland-guide.dk/leif2000/image/overmap.gif

5. Indian Ocean ► Used for trade since ancient times  Monsoon winds help with travel ► Muslims dominated Indian Ocean trade in the Medieval Period  Dhow: Muslim trading ship  Cities in Middle East increased demand for luxury items from east ► Chinese Silks, Spices from Southeast Asia

6. Indian Ocean ► China enjoyed brief expansion in Indian Ocean ► Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

7. http://www.columbia.edu/~amm20 09/3956/mapMing.jpeg http://www.columbia.edu/~amm20 09/3956/mapMing.jpeg

8. Chinese Role In Indian Ocean ► 1405-1433: Ming sent shipping expeditions throughout Indian Ocean  Junks: Chinese ships ► Over 300 ft. long, large sturdy ships ► Junks returned loaded down with tribute, commercial goods, and exotic animals for the emperor

9. Chinese Role in the Indian Ocean ► Zheng he (Jung huh) commander of the Chinese expeditions  Muslim Eunuch from western China Although China briefly controlled the Indian Ocean, they quickly ended the expeditions  China began to once again isolate itself

10. Model of Zheng he ship http://www.flickr.com/photos/thevortext/66122999/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/thevortext/66122999/

11. Europe Comes Onto the Scene ► In the 1400’s, Western Europe began an Age of Exploration ► Discussion Question:  What factors led to an increased interest in maritime trade among the Europeans?

12. Factors contributing to European interest in maritime exploration ► Europe was undergoing slow change by 1400  Increase in trade (mostly among Italian merchants)  Urbanization  Curiosity about rest of the world ► Crusades exposed Eu. to new ideas and technologies from the east

13. Factors contributing to European interest in maritime exploration ► During Mongol rule, much of the trade occurred along land routes  After decline of Mongol rule, land routes were upset ► Tension between Christians and Muslims  Muslims served as “Middle Men” for trade between East and West ► Europeans decided to cut out the middle men and go straight to the source (silks, spices, etc.)  Religious wars brought Christians in contact with Muslim-controlled trading centers  Christians had to compete with the Muslims for trade in the Med. ► Began to look for alternative routes to access goods from east

14. Early European Exploration ► Portugal and Spain took lead in maritime travel ► Portuguese Voyages: ► Experiment with oceanic routes that would take them around Africa and into the Indian Ocean ► Direct access to trade with east

15. Portuguese Voyages ► Henry the Navigator (Prince of Portugal)  Founded an institute to research and gather information on travel ► Improved upon navigation instruments  Compass (Chinese invention), Astrolabe (Muslim invention) ► Developed ships better suited for open ocean travel  Mediterranean Galleys were unsuited for rough ocean waters  Caravel: small, strong, fast ship with lateen (triangular) sails. Easy to maneuver, armed with cannons  Prince Henry sponsored numerous Portuguese expeditions along the coast of Africa

16. Portuguese Voyages ► By 1460, Portuguese explorers had navigated 1500 miles of Africa’s west coast ► 1488: Bartolomeu Dias rounded the tip of Africa ► 1498: Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa and reached India by sea

17. http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/exploration.jpg

18. Spanish Voyages ► Portugal got a faster start on exploration than did Spain ► 1469: Spain unified with marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand ► United the kingdoms of Castille and Aragon ► Spain then began to develop into the most powerful state in Europe

19. Spanish Voyages ► Spain sponsored voyages of Christopher Columbus ► Belief that could reach Indies by traveling west  1492-1502: Columbus embarked on voyages to west ► Landed in Caribbean islands ► Incorrectly referred to native peoples as “Indians”  Did not believe he had discovered a “New World” ► Discovery of the “New World” was confirmed by Amerigo Vespucci

20. Spain or Portugal? Who explores where??? ► Confusion arose over which country would have rights to explore which parts of the world  1494: Treaty of Tordesillas ► Imaginary Line of demarcation drawn in Atlantic Ocean, Church decree  Spain given rights to explore areas west of the line  Portugal given rights to areas east of the line ► Brazil

21. Impact of Early European Exploration ► Spain and Portugal continued their exploration  Spain began widespread conquest of the Americas ► Europeans became more active in the Indian Ocean  Piracy became more common ► Eventually, other European nations began their own exploration ► Europe increases in power  Become very wealthy through mercantilism  Once powerful regions such as India and China began to lose much of their influence