WarmUp #3 1. pg. 62: analyze the Nile Valley & answer the 2 questions. 1. pg. 62: analyze the Nile Valley & answer the 2 questions. 2. pg. 63: read “The Inside Story” (The Gift of the Nile) 2. pg. 63: read “The Inside Story” (The Gift of the Nile) 3. pg. 64: read “Two Kingdoms and Unification” & explain what parts united & how. 3. pg. 64: read “Two Kingdoms and Unification” & explain what parts united & how.

ANCIENT EGYPT ~~~~~~~~~

3100 BC: Menes united Upper & Lower Egypt---1 st dynasty Ancient Egypt divided into 3 stable periods: separated by chaos, in intermediate periods Egypt

Geography Nile River: longest river in the world Nile River: longest river in the world 4,000 miles long: running S to N 4,000 miles long: running S to N –floods yearly, enriching the soil created a surplus of food created a surplus of food called gift of the Nile called gift of the Nile –transportation & communication unifying factor for Egypt unifying factor for Egypt Lower Egypt: northern part Lower Egypt: northern part Upper Egypt: southern part Upper Egypt: southern part natural barriers: protection from invaders natural barriers: protection from invaders –deserts to the W & E –Red Sea to the E –Mediterranean Sea to the N –water rapids of the Nile in the S

Egyptian Society Egyptian Society married young & practiced monogamy married young & practiced monogamy patriarchal, but women had some rights (could own property) patriarchal, but women had some rights (could own property) hieroglyphics hieroglyphics –very complex pictorial writing mostly used by priests & scribes hieratic script hieratic script –simplified version used for everyday transactions used astronomy for 365 day calendar used astronomy for 365 day calendar used mummification to gain medical knowledge of anatomy used mummification to gain medical knowledge of anatomy built Sphinx built Sphinx

Religion polytheism polytheism Sun: worshipped as the source of life Sun: worshipped as the source of life -Ra/Re: sun god -Ra/Re: sun god ~pharaoh was called the Son of Ra: the sun god in earthly form -Atum: seen as the first god & creator (evening sun = self- creation) -Atum-Ra -Atum-Ra ~~~combined, they symbolized the setting sun & its journey through the underworld to its rising in the east ~~~combined, they symbolized the setting sun & its journey through the underworld to its rising in the east Osiris: symbol of afterlife Osiris: symbol of afterlife –physical death –rebirth of the land when flooded by the Nile Isis: symbol of new life Isis: symbol of new life –put the 14 pieces of Osiris’ body back together symbolized the new life, the floods bring every spring symbolized the new life, the floods bring every spring

Old Kingdom 2700 to 2200 BC 2700 to 2200 BC pharaoh had absolute power: unlimited power over kingdom, as believed to be a god pharaoh had absolute power: unlimited power over kingdom, as believed to be a god most pyramids built at Giza to house pharaoh’s body & all he would need in next life most pyramids built at Giza to house pharaoh’s body & all he would need in next life pyramids showed grandeur & importance of pharaohs pyramids showed grandeur & importance of pharaohs Egyptians also practiced mummification: process of slowly drying a body to keep it from rotting (preservation for afterlife) Egyptians also practiced mummification: process of slowly drying a body to keep it from rotting (preservation for afterlife) collapse of Old Kingdom followed by 150 years of chaos collapse of Old Kingdom followed by 150 years of chaos

Middle Kingdom 2050 to 1652 BC 2050 to 1652 BC marked by stability & conquest marked by stability & conquest also public works: canal connecting Nile & Red Sea, draining delta for farm land also public works: canal connecting Nile & Red Sea, draining delta for farm land Middle Kingdom ended when overthrown by Hyksos ruled for about 100 years Middle Kingdom ended when overthrown by Hyksos ruled for about 100 years Egyptians learned to use horse drawn chariots & how to make bronze Egyptians learned to use horse drawn chariots & how to make bronze

New Kingdom BC BC marked by conquest, became largest empire in SW Asia marked by conquest, became largest empire in SW Asia pharaohs (including females) built huge monuments: Ramses---greatest builder pharaohs (including females) built huge monuments: Ramses---greatest builder religion was polytheistic: mostly sun & land gods/goddesses religion was polytheistic: mostly sun & land gods/goddesses huge upheaval when Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) introduced worship of only one god (Aton): closed temples of all others’ gods huge upheaval when Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) introduced worship of only one god (Aton): closed temples of all others’ gods peace & polytheism restored under Tutankhamen peace & polytheism restored under Tutankhamen during upheaval, Egypt lost land from empire & never fully recovered during upheaval, Egypt lost land from empire & never fully recovered dominated by Greece/Rome for rest of ancient history dominated by Greece/Rome for rest of ancient history knowledge of hieroglyphics lost until French invaded Egypt in 1800s & found Rosetta Stone which translated hieroglyphics into Greek knowledge of hieroglyphics lost until French invaded Egypt in 1800s & found Rosetta Stone which translated hieroglyphics into Greek

Create a Web - Diagram on the AFTERLIFE Afterlife Use pg.74 to the top of pg. 76

In-Class Assessment 1. What are two purposes that the Nile River served for the people of early Egypt? 1. What are two purposes that the Nile River served for the people of early Egypt? 2.Upper & Lower Egypt were united into a single kingdom around 3100 B.C. by whom? 2.Upper & Lower Egypt were united into a single kingdom around 3100 B.C. by whom? 3. The development of the Egyptian civilization was influenced most closely by what? 3. The development of the Egyptian civilization was influenced most closely by what? 4. Egyptian history was divided into three major periods. What were they known as? 4. Egyptian history was divided into three major periods. What were they known as?