DEMOCRACY, GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT ROLE OF INSTITUTION IN GOVERNANCE Compiled by Nahoda, A.M

What is Governance? UNDP (1997) Governance is the exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage a country s affairs at all levels. It comprises the mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences.

What is Governance World Bank Governance is a method through which power is exercised in the management of a country s political, economic, and social resources for development

What is Governance? Good governance is a process, where rules and well-functioning institutions are applied to manage nation’s affairs in a manner that safeguards democracy, human rights, good order and human security, and economy and efficiency are followed in management of country’s resources.

Governance indicators The dimensions and indicator of governance are many:- Ibrahim Index of African Governance classified them into four categories: 1. Safety & Rule of Law 2. Participation & Human Rights 3. Sustainable Economic Opportunity 4. Human Development

Governance indicators World Bank Framework uses 6 Dimensions of World Governance Indicators : 1. Voice & Accountability 2. Political Stability and Lack of Violence 3. Government Effectiveness 4. Regulatory Quality 5.Rule of Law 6. Control of Corruption

Governance indicators UN has 8 Characteristics of Good Governance : 1.Accountability 2.Transparency 3.Responsiveness 4.Effectiveness and efficiency 5.Rule of law 6.Participation 7.Equity and inclusiveness 8.Consensus Orientation

The role of constitution in governance What is a constitution? The laws under which a country is ruled, which give the people rights and responsibilities, and which give the government powers and duties (Collis, P.H Dictionary of Politics and government) The rules and practices that determine the composition and functions of the organs of central and local government in a state and regulate the relationship between the individual and the state. (Oxford dictionary of law)

The role of constitution in governance It establishes authority and institutions for running of the country It limits on the powers of the government It makes the government accountable to its citizens. It defines democracy and the rights of its people The unity, stability and prosperity of the country depends largely on the constitution It is the foundation of good governance

The Role of Central Government Government is the agency or instrumentality through which the will of the State is formulated, expressed and realized. Governments have three important organs in performing their roles, these are: The executive The Judiciary The legislature

The Role of Central Government Legislature

The Role of Central Government The legislature Legislation (rule of low, equality…. Oversight (accountability, fight against corruption, responsiveness) Representation. include ensuring that citizens and other stakeholders have a voice at the national level and are therefore involved in national governance issues.

The Role of Central Government Judiciary

The Role of Central Government The judiciary The judiciary ensure equality before the law by delivering justice without fear and biasness. The judiciary also check the decision of both the executive and the legislature to ensure that all organs act in accordance with the law of the land

The Role of Central Government In political science and constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government that is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is not supposed to make laws (role of the legislature), nor to interpret them (role of the judiciary).

The Role of Central Government The executive

The Role of Central Government The executive

The Role of Central Government The executive The executive takes the main role in the governance process The central government role is to create an enabling environment for good governance to take place. This include: Constitutional and Legal Framework, Institutional Setting, Policy Environment

The Role of Central Government Decentralization: Decentralization will lead to the creation of local stakeholder specifically the local government and civil societies Decentralization is the primary strategy for transferring responsibility from the central government to subnational levels of government. It is a fundamental change in the institutional framework in which political, social, and economic decisions are made.

The Role of Central Government Liberalization: Political liberalization will lead to the formation of civil societies including political parties and NGOs, FBOs,CBOs, professional associations, free media, etc Economic liberalization will lead to investment and the creation of a free market economy

The role of local government Definition: Local governance describes the process of making decisions, allocating funds and delivering services at the local level. It involves actors (e.g. mayors, local councils, NGOs, business associations), formal and informal institutions (e.g. municipal administration, council, but also rules and regulations), and available means (e.g. human resources, money).

The role of local government The role of local government in governance. Local government have many function including: Making by laws Revenue collections Building Infrastructure, Providing Information Providing other Goods and Services,

Governance in local government Public Participation: – Citizens should be at the heart of public activity in clearly defined ways. – All voices should be heard especially of the vulnerable, and they are included in resource allocations. Responsiveness: structures, rules and procedures should be responsive to legitimate needs of citizens Efficiency and effectiveness: – Results match objectives – Resources are optimally utilised

Governance in local government Openness and transparency: – Decisions should be taken and enforced in accordance with the law/legislation – There should be access to information by the public Rule of Law: Councils should abide by the law Innovation and openness to change: Councils to embrace new and efficient solutions

Governance in local government Ethical conduct: – Public good to be placed before individual interest – There should be effective measures to prevent and combat corruption Competence and capacity: professional skills of those who deliver governance to be continuously strengthened to improve output Sustainability and long-term orientation: Needs of future generations have to be considered in policies.

Governance in local government Sound Financial management: – Prudence to be observed in financial management. – Planning and budgeting to be done in consultation with citizens – Risks to be properly estimated and managed – Charges should not exceed the cost of services

Governance in local government Human rights and cultural diversity observed: – Human rights should be respected – Access to basic services ensured – Diversity is an asset and should be treated as such Accountability: – Decision makers must take responsibility for decisions made – There should be effective remedies against maladministration

Role of community participation in civil society Civil society is defined as; Any organization or movement that works in the area between the household, the private sector and the state to negotiate matters of public concern. Civil societies include non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, trade unions, academic institutions and faith- based organizations

The role of community participation in civil societies is very important because: Civil societies pressure public officials and service providers to discharge their duties and responsibilities in a more transparent, accountable, and responsive manner. Civil societies work with governments to influence priorities for public spending and policy reform

Role of community participation in civil society CSOs monitor public expenditures CSOs demand improvements from their governments in response to poor public service delivery, mismanagement, and misuse of public funds. Community need to participate as members of civil societies, financier, supporter, beneficiary of goods and services, watchdog

Community need to participate as: Members of civil societies, Financier, (civil society need financial support) Supporter, (activities of civil societies) Beneficiary of goods and services, Watchdog (leading to accountability) Informer ( giving information about their need and want, grievance and appreciation, expressing their interests

Seminar Questions 1.Discuss the differences between procedural and substantive view of democracy. Which view is more practical and observable? 2.The United republic of Tanzania has still along way to go in improving governance in the republic, by using the 8 characteristics of good governance listed by The United Nation, discuss the areas which require most of the effort. 3.Discuss the effectiveness of the domestication of different international human rights instruments by the Government of Tanzania. 4.Discuss the relationships between democracy, governance and development.