Early 13th c. Teutonic Knights expand into Prussia 1206 Temujin (Genghis/Chingis Khan, c ) forms confederation of Mongol tribes, launches conquests
1236 Mongols attack E. Europe 1240 Mongols take Kiev 1241 Death of Ogodai Golden Horde 1258 Mongols take Baghdad 1260 Mamluks defeat Mongols in Syria
Khanate of the Golden Horde Ilkhanate Chaghatay Khanate Great Khanate of China and Mongolia
Cathari/Cathars/Albigensians Waldensians/Poor Men of Lyons 1173 Conversion of Peter Waldo 1181 Pope condemns Waldensians
1204 Innocent III (p ) starts calling for crusade in S. France 1209 Albigensian Crusade takes Béziers (21st July). Carcassone soon surrenders 1229 Official end of Albigensian Crusade
1184 or earlier Church starts commissioning investigations into heresy by bishops Pontificate of Innocent III, who strengthens penalties for heresy Pontificate of Gregory IX, who commissions Franciscan and Dominican friars to investigate heresy
St Francis of Assisi ( ) 1206 Miracle of the crucifix Franciscan Friars/Friars Minor/Grey Friars 1210 Innocent III approves Franciscan Rule Poor Clares
St Dominic de Guzman ( ) 1205 Dominic sent to preach to Cathari 1216 Pope Honorius III approves foundation of Dominican Friars/Friars Preacher/ Black Friars