1. TEMUJIN (GENGHIS KHAN)
Born around A.D. 1160
United Mongol tribes for the first time
Elected ruler of the Mongol tribes in A.D. 1206

2. GENGHIS KHAN Temujin became known as “Genghis Khan”: Strong Ruler
Mongols began conquest of Asia
Karakoram: Genghis Khan’s capital

3. GENGHIS KHAN Mongol army fought mainly on horseback
Tumen: Unit of the Mongol army (10,000 warriors)
Mongols excelled at siege warfare
Mongols conquered northern China and central Asia

4. GENGHIS KHAN Genghis Khan died in A.D. 1227 while hunting wild boars
After burying him, the grave-diggers were all executed
Ogedei, son of Genghis Khan, became new Mongol leader

5. MONGOL EMPIRE Mongols conquered Persia and most of the Middle East
Captured Arab capital of Baghdad in A.D. 1258

6. MONGOL EMPIRE Mongols invaded Russia and Eastern Europe
Largest land Empire in World History

7. MONGOL EMPIRE
Mongols stopped attacking Europe when Ogedei Khan died in A.D. 1241
Mongols advance in the Middle East stopped by the Mamluks in A.D. 1260

8. MONGOL EMPIRE

9. BREAKUP OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE

10. BREAKUP OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
Genghis Khan’s grandsons divided the empire into four units around A.D. 1260
Khanates: Divisions of the Mongol Empire
1. Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)
2. Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia)
3. Ilkhanate (Persia & Middle East)
4. Great Khanate (China & Mongolia)

11. KHANATE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE
First ruler was Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan
Ruled southern Russia and Ukraine
Northwestern Russian rulers paid Mongols tribute
Mongols ruled most of Russia until about A.D. 1500

12. CHAGATAI KHANATE Named after Genghis Khan’s son, Chagatai
Ruled central Asia

13. ILKHANATE Founded by Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan
Ruled Persia and surrounding territories
By A.D. 1300, converted to Islam

14. TAMERLANE Also known as Timur Lenk or “Timur the Lame”
Mongol leader who considered himself a second Genghis Khan
Conquered territory of the Ilkhanate and the Chagatai Khanate
Fierce warrior and brutal leader

15. TAMERLANE Established Timurid Empire (A.D. 1370 – 1507)
Ruled Central Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia, and northern India
Samarkand:
Tamerlane’s capital

16. EMPIRE OF TAMERLANE

17. GREAT KHANATE Founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan
Ruled China and Mongolia
Strongest and wealthiest of the four khanates

18. GREAT KHANATE Kublai Khan conquered Song Dynasty in A.D. 1279
Established Yuan Dynasty (Mongol Dynasty)
Yuan Dynasty rules China: A.D – 1368

19. GREAT KHANATE Invaded and conquered northern Vietnam
Failed attempt to conquer Japan
Typhoon destroyed invading Mongol navy
Kamikaze: “Divine Wind”

20. GREAT KHANATE (YUAN DYNASTY)

21. YUAN DYNASTY New capital built – Khanbalik: “City of the Khan”
Khanbalik is present-day Beijing
Yuan Dynasty adopted Neo-Confucianism
Ran government using Chinese bureaucracy

22. DECLINE OF THE YUAN DYNASTY
Military costs and failures
Government corruption
Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty in 1368

23. IMPACT OF THE MONGOLS Pax Mongolia (c. A.D. 1260 – 1360)
Increased Silk Road trade between Asia and Europe
Spread of paper money
Increased role of merchant associations (guilds)
Europeans introduced to Chinese technologies, such as gunpowder and printing

24. MARCO POLO Merchant from Venice, Italy 24-year journey through Asia
Visited the court of Kublai Khan
His accounts of China filled Europeans with awe