China and Japan in the Imperial Period Sections 12.1 and 12.2

China and the West Largely self-sufficient Agriculture Spanish and Portuguese brought maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts Mining and manufacturing Salt, tin, silver, and iron Trading goods Silk, cottons, porcelain No interest in Western goods Only allowed to trade at the port of Guangzhou

Opium Wars One good the Chinese trade – opium British refused to stop trading it Lead to Opium Wars Chinese lose Forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing British get Hong Kong Foreigners no longer subject to Chinese law

Taiping Rebellion Qing Dynasty Widespread hunger and anger Chinese people rebel Taiping Rebellion Led by Hong Xiuquan “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” All share China’s wealth Hong built peasant army and captured S. China Problems: constant feuding among leaders British and French attacked sided with the Qing

Foreign Influence Grows Dowager Empress Cixi Supported reforms Better education system, diplomatic service, and military Sphere of Influence Japan gain foothold in China Open Door Policy US - China should be open to merchants of all nations Kept China from being controlled by any one nation

Chinese Nationalism Boxer Rebellion Against Empress’s rule and foreign intervention Defeated by multinational army Consequence: Growth of nationalism Needed to be more resistant to foreign intervention Government must respond to the needs of the people

Japan in the Imperial Period

End of the Tokugawa Shogun 1600-1853 Japan was isolated 1853 – Perry and the US Angry over shipwrecked sailors TREATY OF KANAGAWA – Signed to allow US ships into the ports of Hakodate and Shimoda, where a US consul would also be accepted First treaty Japan signed with a Western country

Samurai Rebellion against Western Influence Sat-Cho (Satsuma – Choshu) Alliance Defeated by the US Japan need to militarize to survive Sat – Cho coup over Tokugawa Shogunate

Meiji Restoration Iwakara Mission: Took ideas from other countries: Sat-Cho emperor replaced shogun Modernize and Westernize Politics – prefects replace daimyos Prime Minister and Parliament gov’t w/ Emperor Military – based on the Prussian model Iwakara Mission: Took ideas from other countries: France – Law Prussia (soon to be Germany) – Military, steel, medicine Britain – navy US – mechanized agriculture

Imperial Japan Japan became greatest Asian power Imperialistic Desire to prove power Sino-Japanese War Korea - important trading partner Japan and China sign hands-off agreement - neither would send armies But because of rebellions, China sent troops Japan easily defeated the Chinese Consequence: Japan gained first colonies: Taiwan and Pescadores Islands

Russo-Japanese War Russia and Japan were major powers after China’s defeat Went to war over Manchuria (1904) 1905 Russia and Japan started peace negotiations Treaty of Portsmouth Gave Japan the captured territories Russia withdraws from Manchuria and stays out of Korea