1. MODERNIZATION IN JAPAN 12.2

2. Setting the Stage Early 1600s – Japan closed itself from the world Tokugawa shoguns ran Japanese society very strictly Rigid feudal system but maintained peace for 200 years

3. Objectives Understand why Japan ended its isolationist policy. Analyze how Japan came to be a world power. Determine the causes and effects of the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars.

4. Japan Ends Its Isolation During industrialization Japan was still isolated Only traded with China + Dutch merchants fro, Indonesia BUT trade was growing in importance

5. The Demand for Foreign Trade U.S., Britain, France, Russia, etc, all tried to convince Japan to trade w/ rest of the world by opening their ports 1853 – U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry brought 4 massive + tall ships to Tokyo Stunned the Japanese + scared them w/ the cannons ∴ The Tokogawa shogun accepted them in

6. Treaty of Kanagawa U.S. President Fillmore wrote letter asking Japan to allow free trade b/w the U.S. + Japan Commodore Perry said he would come back in a year w/ a larger naval fleet The reply: Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) Allowed U.S. into two Japanese ports Paved the way for several other countries to push into Japan by 1860

7. Meiji Reform and Modernization Many Japanese upset about that the shogun gave into foreigners’ demands. Mutsuhito – young emperor in Japan who symbolized the country’s nationalism Ppl turned to him and in 1867 the Tokugawa shogun stepped down (ended centuries of military dictatorship) Mutsuhito took control of gov’t + named his rule Meiji for “enlightened rule” Beginning the Meiji Era that lasted for 45 years

8. Meiji Reform and Modernization To compete w/ Western power the Meiji emperor knew Japan had to modernize. He sent diplomats to study Western ways Admired Germany’s strong centralized gov’t + used Germany’s constitution as a model for their own Meiji emperor also modernized the military Modeled after Britain’s navy Modeled after Germany’s army Modernized the education system of Japan after the American system + required all Japanese children got school.

9. Meiji Reform and Modernization Meiji emperor also modernized industry Created an extensive railroad system Took coal production from ½ million tons/year in 1872 to 21 million tons in 1914 Thousands of factories built By WWI Japan was competitive w/ the West

10. Imperial Japan By 1890 Japan was the strongest military power in Asia Japan sought to diminish the extraterritorial rights that several foreign nations gained before the Meiji Era Japan convinced the foreign nations that they could count on fair treatment in Japan b/c of their Westernized constitution They agreed ∴ Japan’s strength + pride grew = started to draw up imperial plans to demonstrate their new strength to the rest of the world. What does it mean by imperial plans?

11. Japan Attacks China Japan’s first imperial target: Korea Forced Korea to open 3 ports to Japanese trade China also sought to trade in Korea ∴ In 1876 Japan + China signed a hands-off agreement to avoid conflict in Korea

12. Japan Attacks China BUT in 1895 China broke the agreement China helped Korea’s king in putting down a rebellion ∴ Japan sent troops into Korea to fight to China This started the Sino-Japanese War Last a few months but Japan destroyed China’s navy + drove them out of Korea Japan also gained territory in Manchuria Late 1895: Japan + China sign a peace treaty Japan gains its first colonies (Taiwan + Pescadores Islands)

13. Japan and Russia Clash After defeated China, Japan rose as a world power  its main enemy…Russia (in East Asia) They went to war over Manchuria Japan said it would recognize Russia’s claims in Manchuria if Russia would stay out of Korea Russia refused

14. Russo-Japanese War Feb 1904 – Japan launches a surprise attack on Russian ships near Manchuria This started the Russo-Japanese War Japan pushed Russia out of Manchuria + captured much of the Russian Pacific navy Destroyed the Russian Baltic Fleet 1905: Japan + Russia work on a peace treaty U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt helped draft the treaty He brought Japanese + Russian leaders to Portsmouth, NH Became the Treaty of Portsmouth Gave Japan the captured areas + required Russia to w/draw from Manchuria + stay out of Korea