1. Warm Up
Prompt: Describe what is happening in the cartoon. What countries are participating?
Respond in complete sentences!!

2. China Resists Imperialism

3. How China Stayed Independent
Self-sufficiency = little interest in trade
Guangzhou Port
TPS: Why is food production so important in an empire?
China was able to provide for its people (specifically food)
Crop rotation started in 17th & 18th C. w/ intro. of maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts
Major (and only) trading post in China was Guangzhou
Euro. determined to find a product they could sell to the Chinese in large quantities
They found it in opium

4. Opium War
Treaty of Nanjing: peace treaty signed in 1844, gave Brit. Hong Kong
What is opium? Narcotic made from the poppy plant, like heroin and morphine
Can be used as a pain reliever, but ppl started to use recreationally
By 1835, as many as 12 million Chinese ppl were addicted to the drug
The Chinese emperor asked the Brit. to stop trading opium, but they refused
Opium War: war btwn the Brit. and Chinese

5. China’s Internal Problems
Population was a challenge
Predict: What happens where there are more people and not enough food?
New society: “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”
Here, they would share the wealth and no one would live in poverty
Recall: what Western econ. policy is this?
This mvm’t was called the Taiping Rebellion (“taiping” meaning “great peace”)
# of Ch. grew to 430 mil. in 1850, but food production did not grow at the same rate
Compare: US 2013(approx. 316 mil.) & Europe 1900 (approx. 400 mil.)

6. Taiping Rebellion
By the 1850s, rebellion built a massive peasant army of 1 mil. ppl – took over large parts of SE China
1853: Hong captures Nanjing and makes it the capital, Hong gives power of new gov’t to his lieutenants
Leaders constant feud among themselves
Qing imperial troops and Brit. and Fr. troops started attacking the Taiping
By 1864, the Taiping gov’t is defeated
At least 20 mil. (maybe x2) ppl died

7. Dowager Empress Cixi
Internal pressure (Taiping Rebellion) and external pressure (Treaty of Nanjing) leave Qing gov’t at odds
Some gov’t leaders call for reforms (Westernization), others cling to traditional ways
One person in command in Qing imperial palace: Dowager Empress Cixi
Dowager Empress Cixi help power from 1862 to 1908
She was committed to traditional values, but did support some reforms
EX: self-strengthening mvm’t
aimed to update edu. system, diplomatic service, and mil.
Factories built to manu. steam-powered gunboats, rifles & ammunition

8. Sphere of Influence
Sphere of influence: an area in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment
1899: U.S. declared the Open Door Policy – China’s “doors” for trade would be open to merchants of all nations
TPS: How did “sphere of influence” differ from the Open Door Policy?
Throughout the 19th C. many foreign nations took advantage of Ch. problems
Treaty nego. after each conflict gave more control of Ch. econ. away
Many Euro. countries and Japan gained a foothold in China
U.S. was a longtime trading partner of China – worried that spheres of influence would soon become colonies and shut out Am. traders
Protected foreign trading rights but kept China from being colonized

9. Chinese Nationalism Chinese ppl started to demand stronger reforms
1898 the Emperor introduced measures to modernize China – edu., strengthen econ., modernize mil., streamlining the gov’t
Dowager Empress brought back to power and reversed the reforms

10. Boxer Rebellion
Frustration over reversed reforms led to frustration which turned violent
Poor peasants resented the special privileges for foreigners, formed a secret org. known as the Boxers
Boxer Rebellion: campaign against Dowager Empress’ rule and foreigner privileges
Spring 1900, the Boxers surrounded the Euro. section of Beijing - under siege for months
Dowager Empress expressed support of the Boxers but did not provide mil. aid
August 1900: multinational force marched on Beijing and defeated the Boxers
Chinese ppl realized they must resist foreign intervention, needed a gov’t that responded to their needs

11. REMEMBER – it’s about perspectives!
Two Perspectives
You are to write two short news articles about the Boxer Rebellion. The first will be from the Chinese perspective, the second will be from the European perspective. Each new article should be approximately ½ pg long (2-3 paragraphs), and should summarize the events of the Boxer Rebellion and why the events took place.
REMEMBER – it’s about perspectives!