1. Ch 28-1 “China Resists Outside Influence”

2. ETHNOCENTRISM Gobi Desert Great Wall Himalaya Mts.
SELF-SUFFICIENT AND ADVANCED CULTURE…NO “NEEDS”! 2

3. Setting the Stage Chinese looked down on all foreigners
1793 – Qing Emperor agrees to receive an Ambassador from England
Brings gifts (clocks, globes, musical instruments, and a hot-air balloon)
Emperor was not impressed
Not interested in “strange objects” and gadgets from the West

4. China and the West China was self-sufficient
Healthy agricultural economy (rice, maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts)
Mining (salt, tin, silver, and iron)
Manufacturing (silk, high-quality cotton, and fine porcelain)
Only place westerners were allowed to do business was the southern port of Guangzho)
Europeans eventually found a product they would buy…

5. What are the Chinese willing to buy from Europe?
Opium - Narcotic made from the poppy plant
Chinese doctors used it to kill pain
Late 18th Century – British begin to smuggle opium into China for non-medical use
By 1835 as many as 12 million Chinese were addicted

6. Opium Opium is made from poppies
British profit from selling to Chinese
Traders took British made cloth to India
They traded cloth for opium
Opium exchanged for tea/silk in China
Tea/silk shipped to England
Chinese declare drug illegal

7. Opium War
Emperor Qing was angry and one of his advisors writes a letter to Queen Victoria
The pleas to stop the illegal opium trade are ignored
1839 – Opium War
Battles took place mostly at sea
China’s outdated ships were no match for British steam-powered gunboats
1842 – Treaty of Nanjing
Gave British the island off Hong Kong

8. Results of Treaty of Nanjing
British get Hong Kong

9. Extraterritorial Rights
1844 – additional treaty gives U.S. and other foreign citizens extraterritorial rights
Not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou and four other ports
Chinese resent foreigners and the trade in opium they conducted

10. Growing Internal Problems
Number of Chinese grew from 430 million in 1850, a gain of 30% in 60 years
Food production barely increased
Hunger was widespread
Opium addiction increased as people became discouraged

11. Taiping Rebellion Taiping means “great peace”
Late 1830s – Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”
All people would share wealth and no one would live in poverty
1850s – massive peasant army of one million people
Took control of large areas of southeastern China

12. Taiping Rebellion (continued)
1853 – Hong captures the city of Nanjing and declares it the capital
Hong gives family members and trusted lieutenants in charge of the government of his kingdom
Constantly feuded among themselves
Qing and British troops launch attacks
1864 – combination of internal fighting and outside assaults brings down Taiping government
At least 20 million people die during the rebellion

13. Self-Strengthening Movement
1862 – 1908 – Dowager Empress Cixi
Updated education, diplomatic service and military
Set-up factories to manufacture gunboats, rifles, and ammunition

14. Other Nations Step In
Many nations took advantage of China’s continuing problems
Attacked China
Treaty Negotiations gave other nations increasing influence over China’s economy
Many European nations and Japan gained a strong foothold in China
Sphere of influence – an area in which a foreign nation controlled trade and investment.

16. Other Nations Step In (continued)
Americans worried that other nations would divide China into formal territories
1899- United States declares the Open Door Policy
China’s “doors” should be open to merchants of all nations
Britain and other nations agree
Protects U.S. trading rights and China’s freedom
Country still at the mercy of foreign powers

17. Open Door?

18. Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism
Chinese demanded change because of their loss of power
Emperor Guangxu introduced measures to modernize China
Educational System
Strengthening the Economy
Modernizing Military
Streamlining Government

19. Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism (continued)
Most Qing officials saw these reforms as a threat of power
Called Dowager Empress back to the royal court
On her return she placed Guangxu under arrest, took control of government, and reversed reforms
No change occurred and the Chinese people continued to get frustrated

20. Boxer Rebellion
FRUSTRATIONS
RESULTS
Poor peasants and workers resented special privileges of foreigners
Resented Chinese Christians for adopting foreign faith
Formed the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers)
Campaign against Dowager Empress became known as Boxer Rebellion

21. Society of Harmonious Fists
Forming a secret society that practiced martial arts, their martial arts were called “boxing” by Americans and Europeans.
They fought the Europeans, and put foreign areas of Chinese cities under sieges of up to a year.

22. Boxer Rebellion (continued)
Spring 1900 – Boxers invade Beijing
“Death to the foreign devils”
Kept European section of the city under attack for several months
Dowager Empress expressed support but did not provide military support
August 1900 – multinational force of 19,000 defeated Boxers in Beijing

23. Results of the Boxer Rebellion
Strong sense of nationalism emerged
Chinese people realized their country must resist more foreign intervention
Government must become more responsive to their needs

24. The Beginnings of Reform
1905 – Dowager Empress sends a select group of Chinese officials on a world tour to study different governments
Japan, United States, Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Italy
1906 – officials return and recommended basing their government on the constitutional democracy of Japan
Change was slow

25. The Beginnings of Reform (continued)
1908 – announcement that they would establish a full constitutional government by 1917.
China continued to experience unrest for the next 4 decades
Japan also experiences pressure from the West…

26. Opium War CAUSES: BRITAIN’S REFUSAL TO STOP OPIUM TRADE TO CHINA
EFFECTS:
Chinese defeated/humiliated
Cession of Hong Kong to Britain
Opium trade continues
Extraterritorial Rights granted to foreigners
Increased Chinese nationalism and resentment towards foreigners 26

27. Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan CAUSES: EFFECTS:
Poverty, hunger, and starvation
Discontent w/ gov’t corruption
Increasing opium addiction
Resentment of privileges given Christian missionaries
EFFECTS:
Failure after 10 yrs. of fighting
Restoration of Qing Dynasty to power
Destruction of Farmland by armies…
20 million starve; poverty increases 27

28. Self-Strengthening Movement
CAUSES:
Need to modernize education & military
Finally supported by Empress
EFFECTS:
Ability to produce Chinese warships &
ammunition
Boost of Chinese morale
However, creation of military arsenal
run by foreigners
Empress Cixi, Qing Dynasty 28

29. Open Door Policy CAUSES: EFFECTS:
China’s weak military, economy, & gov’t
Division of China into spheres of influence
USA fears China will become future colony of Britain…US business will be “locked out”
EFFECTS:
Protection of US trade interests
China remains free of colonization
Economic imperialism rather than spheres of influence in China 29

30. Boxer Rebellion CAUSES: EFFECTS:
Frustration over poor living conditions
Lack of successful gov’t reforms – Failure of the 100 Days of Reform
Resent of special privileges given to foreigners
EFFECTS:
Failure to bring about change
Increases sense of NATIONALISM
Qing Dynasty begins to take serious steps toward reform (Dynasty ends 1912) 30