Life Science Ch 3 Cell Processes

Matter Atoms – smallest unit of matterAtoms –Electrons- negative particles around the nucleus –Nucleus – center of atom Protons – positive part of atom Neutrons – particle with no charge

ions

Elements

Another cool periodic table Ununoctium is a placeholder assigned until the element has been given a final name. Its discovery has been reliably claimed, but remains to be independently verified before a name is officially assigned.

How Atoms Combine Compounds- 2 or more atoms chemically combined.Compounds Mixtures- 2 or more substances that physically combineMixtures mixtures containing compounds

Organic Compounds (Macro Molecules of living organisms) All contain Carbon All living things are organic –Carbohydrates –Proteins –Lipids –Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates 1:2:1 Ration of CHO (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Found in pasta, breads, potatoes etc

Carbohydrates, con’t Sugars are carbohydrates –Sucrose – table sugar –Glucose – simplest sugar (from photosynthesis) Sugars bond together to make complex carbohydrates called starches JOB: provides quick energy

Proteins Made of CHON ( carbon, hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen JOB: build tissue Found in meats and beans

Proteins, con’t Enzymes – proteins that speed up reactions in the bodyEnzymes Made of small unit called amino acids (AA) put together

Lipids- fats Made of CHO Found in the fats of meat, butter, oils Job: stores energy Unsaturated Fats

Nucleic Acids DNA –Found in nucleus of every cell –Contains all hereditary information –Directs cell activity

Nucleic Acid, con’t RNA –Works for the boss (DNA) –Makes proteins –Found throughout the cell

Inorganic Compounds Compounds that do NOT contain Carbon –H 2 O – Water –Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 - Calcium Phosphate – in bones –MANY others

Cell Transport What goes in or out of a cell –nutrients, –Wastes –Cell products –oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water Oxygen molecules Sugar molecules

Cell membrane Cell membrane controls what goes in and out- selective permeablility – some stuff can move others not

Diffusion Substances move from an area where there are many to an area where there are few

EquilibriumEquilibrium – point at which particles are equally distributed

OsmosisOsmosis – same as diffusion only the particles are water moleculeswater molecules

Passive TransportPassive Transport- movement that does not require energy Active Transport Active Transport – movement that requires energy molecules Enclosure Endocytosis- particles get engulfedparticles get engulfed phagocytosis – engulfing LARGE stuffengulfing LARGE stuff Exocytosis – particles are spit out of cellparticles are spit out of cell THREE KINDS OF TRANSPORT:

Energy in Cells Trapping Energy for life –Where do you get energy From the food you eat –Where does the food get energy From the sun 2 groups of organisms based on where they get food

Energy, con’t 2 groups of organisms based on where they get food –Producers – photosynthesize Trap sun’s energy and put it in sugar (glucose) Make their own food –Consumers Eat producers Can’t make their own food "I MUST BE A HETEROTROPH I CAN'T MAKE THESE !!"

Energy in cells, con’t. Photosynthesis –Process of capturing energy and trapping it in the bonds of carbohydrate sugars.

Photosynthesis, con’t. Pigments (such as chlorophyll which is green) trap the sunlight

Photosynthesis, con’t. Producers use some of their carbohydrates (sugars) for themselves0 Producers STORE some of their carbohydrates Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplastPhotosynthesis

Releasing Energy for Life All organisms have to release the energy in the sugars –This process is called cellular respiration (CR) –Takes place in the mitochondria –Glucose becomes ATP

Fermentation Fermentation is Cellular Respiration WITHOUT oxygen NO ATP is made Instead lactic acid is made (hurts in muscles Yeast do this –Make Carbon dioxide –Also make alcoholalcohol