B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein Chapter 4, part B Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Enzymes for ATP production Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids Plasma Membrane

Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents. Plasma Membrane

Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane. Movement Across Membranes

Figure 4.17

Osmosis Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water. Osmotic pressure The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. Movement Across Membranes Figure 4.18a

Figure 4.18c-e

Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP. Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP. Movement Across Membranes

Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane Cytoplasm Figure 4.6a, b

Nuclear area (nucleoid) Nuclear Area Figure 4.6a, b

Ribosomes Figure 4.6a

Ribosomes Figure 4.19

Metachromatic granules (volutin) Polysaccharide granules Lipid inclusions Sulfur granules Carboxysomes Gas vacuoles Magnetosomes Inclusions Phosphate reserves Energy reserves Ribulose 1,5- diphosphate carboxylase for CO 2 fixation Protein covered cylinders Iron oxide (destroys H 2 O 2 )

Resting cells Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals Bacillus, Clostridium Sporulation: Endospore formation Germination: Return to vegetative state Endospores

Figure 4.21a

Eukaryotic Cells Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

Figure 4.22a

Flagella and Cilia Figure 4.23a, b

Microtubules Tubulin 9 pairs + 2 arrangements Figure 4.23c

Cell wall Plants, algae, fungi Carbohydrates Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan Glycocalyx Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane Cell Wall

Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins Sterols Glycocalyx carbohydrates Plasma Membrane

Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Simple diffusion Facilitative diffusion Osmosis Active transport Endocytosis Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances Plasma Membrane

CytoplasmSubstance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus CytosolFluid portion of cytoplasm CytoskeletonMicrofilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules Cytoplasmic streamingMovement of cytoplasm throughout cells Eukaryotic Cell

Membrane-bound: NucleusContains chromosomes ERTransport network Golgi complexMembrane formation and secretion LysosomeDigestive enzymes VacuoleBrings food into cells and provides support MitochondrionCellular respiration ChloroplastPhotosynthesis PeroxisomeOxidation of fatty acids; destroys H 2 O 2 Organelles

Not membrane-bound: RibosomeProtein synthesis CentrosomeConsists of protein fibers and centrioles CentrioleMitotic spindle formation Eukaryotic Cell

Nucleus Figure 4.24

Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 4.25

80S Membrane-boundAttached to ER FreeIn cytoplasm 70S In chloroplasts and mitochondria Ribosomes

Golgi Complex Figure 4.26

Lysosomes Figure 4.22b

Vacuoles Figure 4.22b

Mitochondrion Figure 4.27

Chloroplast Figure 4.28

Endosymbiotic Theory Figure 10.2