Unit I:

Key Concept 1.1 o Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other.

The First Discoverers of America - For some 25,000 years people crossed the Bering land bridge from Eurasia to North America - Gradually they dispersed southward down ice-free valleys, populating both the American continents.

The People of the Americas 35,000 years ago at the end of the Ice Age people from Asia came across the land bridge. Some debate whether they came by small boats. Expand throughout the 2 continents and split into multiple amounts of tribes.

Advanced civilizations Incas in Peru, Aztec in Mexico, and Maya in Central America, Advanced agricultural practices of Maize allowed for the civilizations growth. o Many tribes hunted & gathered for survival (Great Plains) o Diverse activities depending on geography Foraging & hunting-> NW & California (Pueblo) NE & Atlantic Seaboard: mixed agricultural & hunting/gather society o Developed permanent villages (Iroquois)

North American Natives Iroquois (NE woodlands)- closest civilization to Incas and Mayans “Iroquois Confederacy” -most natives live small, impermanent settlements -many matrilineal

Pueblo Located in SW America Corn a staple crop due to dry climate & geography o 3 sisters- corn, beans & squash Will revolt in 1680 against the Spanish (1 st successful revolt)

Three Sister Farming: Beans, Cornstalk, Squash Used SE Atlantic Seaboard leads to large populations such as Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw

5 Civilized tribes SE America Creek, Cherokee, Seminole, Chickasaw & Choctaw

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

Key Concept 1.2: o European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic. Key Concept 1.3: o Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group.

Why did the Europeans begin to explore? Crusades led to contact with far East and their goods. Goods of the Far East were extremely expensive passing through long distances either by sea or land. Europeans were looking for less expensive ways to get the goods. **Power, wealth & Christianity**

Key Explorers Columbus Ponce de Leon- Florida De Soto- SE United States Coronado- SW United States Cabot- North America Verrazano- East Coast

Major Trade Routes Goods on the early routes passed through so many hands along the way that their ultimate source remained mysterious to Europeans.

Principal Voyages of Discovery Much of the earliest exploration was done by Italians, notably Christopher Columbus of Genoa. John Cabot( ), another native of Genoa (his original name was Giovanni Caboto), sailed for Eng land’s King Henry VII. Giovanni da Verrazano (1524, 1534) was a Florentine employed by France. **1000 CE Norse seafarers find North American coast

Principal Early Spanish Explorations and Conquests Note that Coronado traversed northern Texas and Oklahoma. In present-day eastern Kansas, he found, instead of the great golden city he sought, a drab encampment, probably of Wichita Indians.

Spain’s North American Frontier

Spain’s Influence Spain looks to become more influential. Portugal has control of the main routes, Spain must look else where (WEST) Colombus comes to the King and Queen with a belief to sail west to India. How was Columbus one of the most successful failures in History?

Impact of the discovery Discovery would impact 4 Continents: Europe provided the markets, capital, and technology. Africa furnished the labor (slaves) Americas furnished new raw materials.

Economic & Political Impact on the Americas Introduction of West African slaves by Spanish & Portuguese traders o Spanish first tried to enslave Natives which failed o Encomienda system o Large plantations created with use of slave labor Introduction of new crops & animals in the New World Europe moves towards capitalism (away from feudalism) o Ex: joint-stock companies

Social Impact on the Americas Deadly epidemics->major decline in Native pop. o Small pox Racially mixed populations (Mulatto/Mestizo) Caste system in Spanish colonies African slaves adapt to European & Native cultures while maintaining distinct elements o Maroon communities o Mixing of Christianity & traditional African beliefs

North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

Social Impact on the Americas Europeans knew very little of native cultures nor had any desire to learn &developed white superiority to justify harsh treatment o Tried to “civilize the natives o Bartolome de Las Casas called it “a moral pestilence invested by Satan” Many tribes tried to maintain their way of life even with all the challenges Catholicism continued to grow in Spanish colonies Introduction of missions

Columbian Exchange What were some of the products intentionally brought to the new World? What were brought by accident? Which Items do you believe had the biggest impact on the development of the America’s?

Columbus’ “New World” Columbus’s first voyage, 1492

The Invasion of America

Intercontinental (“Columbian”) Exchange

The Columbian Exchange

Spanish Empire

New Spain in the Sixteenth Century

The Eurasian Trade System and Overseas Spheres of Influence, 1650

Sources The American Pageant news.cfm news.cfm