1. AP US History
Exam Review

2. Period 1:

3. Pre-Columbian Settlements
Key Concept: Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other

4. Native American Settlements can be divided into FOUR major groups:
1. American Southwest:
Developed complex urban settlements characterized by large stone and Adobe like structures
Highly organized systems of agriculture with well- engineered irrigation systems

5. The American Northwest (and California)
Developed sophisticated methods for hunting, fishing, and foraging.
Because of their fixed settlements, Native Americans in this region rarely experienced conflict or competition

6. The Great Basin and the Great Plains
Climate posed significant challenges that permanent settlement was impossible
Hunted Buffalo and built teepees

7. American Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard
Utilized multi-crop patterns of cultivation (maize, beans, and squash) to provide more stable villages.
Connections amongst tribes formed confederacies
Self-governing bodie resulted in efficient use of the resources of their territory

8. The Columbian Exchange
Key Concept: European overseas expansion resulted in the COlumbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic

9. The Columbian Exchange
Columbus initiated a trade system that would revolutionize the world.
New World crops like potatoes and corn became staples in European diets
Sugar and coffee brought to the New World from Europe and strived
Horses and cattle altered life for Native Americans
Most dramatic was disease. 90% of Native population killed by epidemics of yellow fever and smallpox

10. Expansion into the New World
Spain and Portugal had a head start
Treaty of Tordesillas- All of the Western Hemisphere except Brazil was assigned to Spain. Portugal allowed to colonize Asia

11. Expansion into the New World
Spain acquired gold and silver
Europe shifts from Feudalism to Capitalism
Catholic missionaries went to the New World
Eventually other European countries entered the race for more territory

12. Native and European Interaction
Key Concept: Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the world views of each group

13. Spain and Native Americans
Exploits of Francisco Coronado, Francisco Pizzaro, and Hernan Cortes.
Developed encomienda system: Granted colonists the rights to labor of Native Americans in exchange for providing their food, shelter, and Christianizing them.
Disease spread
Intermarriage occurred

14. African Slavery
Scale of importation drarfed any prior model of slavery
Institution of slavery that developed-- permanency and basis in race, not conquest-- created tensions that would last centuries

15. AP Test Tip
Information during this era can be used in a free- response question that deals with the causes of imperialism, inter-imperialist competition, and the clash of cultures

16. Themes
College Board has identified SEVEN themes that guide us through history.
Every question will measure your understanding of one of these themes
Identity (ID)
Work, Exchange, and Technology (WXT)
Peopling (PEO)
Politics and Power (POL)
America in the World (WOR)
ENvironment and Geography- Physical and Human (ENV)
Ideas, Beliefs, and Cultures (CUL)

17. Work, Exchange, and Technology
Explain how patterns of exchanging commodities, peoples, diseases, and ideas around the Atlantic World developed after European contact and shaped North-American colonial-era societies

18. Peopling
Explain how and why people moved within the Americas (before contact) and to and within the Americas (after contact and colonization)

19. Peopling
Analyze the effects that migration, disease, and warfare had on the American Indian population after contact with Europeans

20. America in the World
Explain how imperial competitions and the exchange of commodities on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean influenced the origins and patters of development of North American societies in the colonial period

21. Environment and Geography-Physical and Human
Explain how the introduction of new plants, animals, and technologies altered the natural environment of North America and affected interactions among various groups in the colonial period

22. Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture
Compare the cultural values and attitudes of different European, African American, and Native peoples in the colonial period and explain how contact affected interactions among various groups in the colonial period