3/22/2011 The Spread of Islam 1 ‹#›

Reasons for Quick Spread Byzantine & the last Persian Empire (Sassanid) had weakened

Reasons for Quick Spread 2. Christians/Jews not forced to convert, but Polytheists were… - Most willingly to do so because Islam promised “equality”

Reasons for Quick Spread 3. Muhammad called for “Jihad” (Holy War against non-believers) - motivated Arab armies

Beliefs & Practices of Islam 3/22/2011 Beliefs & Practices of Islam 1 god – Allah Good/Evil exists Free Will Final judgment day Heaven/Hell Qur’an (Koran) = Holy Book (3:36) 2 ‹#›

5 Pillars of Islam 1. Declaration of Faith 3/22/2011 5 Pillars of Islam 1. Declaration of Faith “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah” 3 ‹#›

5 Pillars of Islam 2. Prayer 5 times a day 3/22/2011 5 Pillars of Islam 2. Prayer 5 times a day May assemble in Mosque – Islamic house of worship To bring them closer to Allah Pray towards Mecca 4 ‹#›

5 Pillars of Islam 3. Alms to the poor 3/22/2011 5 Pillars of Islam 3. Alms to the poor Support of those the less fortunate Religious tax charity 5 ‹#›

5 Pillars of Islam 4. Fasting Holy month of Ramadan 3/22/2011 5 Pillars of Islam 4. Fasting Holy month of Ramadan (9th month of Islamic calendar – month during which Qur’an was revealed) No drinking/eating between dawn/dusk Reminds Muslims of greater needs 6 ‹#›

5 Pillars of Islam 5. Pilgrimage Also known as Hajj 3/22/2011 5 Pillars of Islam 5. Pilgrimage Also known as Hajj Made to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if able. (00:34) 7 ‹#›

Essential Knowledge 153. List the 5 Pillars of Islam. 3/22/2011 Essential Knowledge 153. List the 5 Pillars of Islam. 154. What do Muslims call the pilgrimage to Mecca? 155. During what month do Muslims fast? 156. Toward what city must Muslims pray? 8 ‹#›

Muslim way of life Imams – prayer leaders in Mosques 3/22/2011 Muslim way of life Personal lives not separated from religious lives Forbidden to eat pork or drink alcoholic beverages Friday afternoons are for communal prayer – the Mosque No priests or central religious authority Imams – prayer leaders in Mosques 9 ‹#›

Sources of Authority Allah Qur’an Sunna Shari’a 3/22/2011 Sources of Authority Allah expressed his will to Muhammad through Gabriel Qur’an Only Arabic version is true Sunna Muhammad’s example Best model for proper living Shari’a Body of law = family life, moral conduct, business & community life 10 ‹#›

People of the Book Jews, Christians, & Muslims 3/22/2011 People of the Book Jews, Christians, & Muslims Allah same God worshipped by Jews/ Christians Qur’an word of Allah; same as Old Testament for Jews & New Testament for Christians Belief in Heaven & Hell & afterlife All three trace ancestry to Abraham 11 ‹#›

Essential Knowledge 157. What is the Islamic house of worship? 3/22/2011 Essential Knowledge 157. What is the Islamic house of worship? 158. Who are the prayer leaders in the house of worship? 159. What is the name given to Islamic law? 160. Who do Muslims call the “People of the Book?” 12 ‹#›

What is a Caliph? “successor” or “deputy” 3/22/2011 What is a Caliph? “successor” or “deputy” 1st caliph = Abu Bakr father of Muhammad’s favorite wife in 632 chosen because of connection to Muhammad 13 ‹#›

Who were the “Rightly Guided” Caliphs? 3/22/2011 Who were the “Rightly Guided” Caliphs? 1st 4 leaders after Muhammad Named “Rightly Guided” due to close connection w/ Muhammad. 1st 4 Caliphs were: Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali husband of Muhammad’s daughter Fatima 14 ‹#›

Because of tolerance, seen as liberators 3/22/2011 Rule in the Caliphates 6,000 Miles Because of tolerance, seen as liberators 15 ‹#›

Internal Conflict 656 - Uthman murdered 3/22/2011 Internal Conflict 656 - Uthman murdered Ali, Muhammad’s son- in-law, natural successor Uthman’s son Mu’awiya challenged Ali’s succession belief that Ali’s supporters had murdered Uthman. 16 ‹#›

Internal Conflict Ali & Mu’awiya came to understanding 3/22/2011 Internal Conflict Ali & Mu’awiya came to understanding Ali murdered by disillusioned follower. Ali’s son, in fear, refused to become caliph. Mu’awiyah & son begin new dynasty – The Umayyad 17 ‹#›

Islamic Succession Muhammad Abu Bakr Uthman Ali Umar Mu’awiyah Shi’a 3/22/2011 Islamic Succession Muhammad Abu Bakr Uthman Ali Umar Mu’awiyah Shi’a Sunni 18 ‹#›

Islamic Dynasties Umayyad (661- 750) Abbasid (750- 1258) 3/22/2011 Islamic Dynasties (3:53) Umayyad (661- 750) Abbasid (750- 1258) Help to spread ideas of Muslim faith create Muslim Empire 19 ‹#›

The Dynasties Umayyad Abbasid 661-750 3/22/2011 The Dynasties Umayyad 661-750 Began when Mu’awiyah became Caliph Capital = Damascus Set up hereditary system of succession Surround themselves w/wealth (Big No-No) Abbasid 750-1258 Began as protest to Umayyad Capital = Baghdad Create strong bureaucracy Open diplomacy w/ European states 20 ‹#›

Sunni – Shi’a Split Shi’a Sunni Followers of Ali & family 3/22/2011 Sunni – Shi’a Split Shi’a Followers of Ali & family Minority Imam = spiritual leader Descendent of Ali & Fatima must be Caliph Sunni Support Umayyad Dynasty Majority Imam = prayer leader only Any righteous Muslim may be Caliph 21 ‹#›

Sufis Muslim mystics Found in both Sunni & Shi’a branches Sought communion with Allah through Meditation, Fasting, & other rituals Helped to spread Islam

End of the Spread of Islam Battle of Tours (732) Frankish king, Charles Martel stops Muslim advance into Europe Mongols capture Baghdad (1258) Grandson of Genghis Khan burns city & kills last Abbasid caliph

3/22/2011 Essential Knowledge 161. What was the title given to the Islamic rulers? 162. What were the 1st 4 rulers after Muhammad called? 163. What were the 2 dynasties of the Islamic Empire? 164. After the split, what were the 2 divisions of the Islamic Religion? 22 ‹#›

3/22/2011 Let’s Review!!!! 23 ‹#›

Name the founder of Islam. Followers of Islam saw Muhammad as which of the following: god, messiah, or prophet. What was Muhammad’s original occupation? What are Muhammad’s talks with the Angel Gabriel called? What is considered the holiest city of Islam? 3/22/2011 24 ‹#›

What is the Arabic word for God? What is the Arabic word for “submission to the will of Allah”? What is the Arabic word for “one who has submitted”? What is the migration of Muhammad’s followers from Mecca to the city of Yathrib called? What became the new name of Yathrib? 3/22/2011 30 ‹#›

What are the Basic Beliefs of Islam? What is Islam’s Holy Book called? What are the 5 Pillars? What is the term for ‘Muhammad’s example” or the model for the proper way to live? What is the Islamic Law? Who do Muslims call “People of the Book”? 3/22/2011 36 ‹#›

Sunni or Shi’a Majority of Muslims today. * Sunni 3/22/2011 Majority of Muslims today. * Sunni Believe the Caliph must be a descendent of Ali through Muhammad’s daughter Fatima. Imam is a prayer leader only. Rebelled against the Umayyad Dynasty. Believe the Imam to be a spiritual leader. Majority of Iraqis. 48 ‹#›

Umayyad or Abbasid * 750-1258 * Capital city Damascus 3/22/2011 * 750-1258 * Capital city Damascus * Capital city Baghdad * Led lavish and extravagant lifestyle. * Created a hereditary system of succession. * Created a strong administrative bureaucracy. * Followed the last of the ‘Rightly Guided Caliphs’. 54 ‹#›