1. Ch 10 The Muslim World

2. The Rise of Islam
Sec 1

3. What do you know about the geography of this part of the world?

4. Geography
Southwest Asia – (Middle East) is a crossroad between Africa, Asia, and Europe
Most of the land on the Arabian peninsula is desert

6. Bedouins Bedouins- Arab nomads organized into tribes and clans
The clans provides security and support for a life that is made very difficult by the desert climate
The Bedouin ideals of courage and loyalty to family along with their warrior skills would become part of Islamic life

8. Crossroads of Trade and Ideas
By the early 600s, trade routes connected Arabia to the major ocean and land trade routes
Trade routes through Arabia ran from the extreme south of the peninsula to the Byzantine and Persian Empires to the north
Merchants from these empires moved along the trade routes to get goods from the Silk Road to the east

9. Crossroads
Along with goods such as spices and incense traders brought ideas from outside of Arabia

11. Mecca Mecca- holy city located in western Arabia
An ancient shrine associated with Abraham called the Ka’aba brought many pilgrims to Mecca

15. Allah Allah- Arabic for God
The concept of monotheism was well known on the Arabian Peninsula as it was home to many Jews and Christians

16. The Prophet Muhammad
Muhammad- merchant born in Mecca around 570 who spread Islam
At the age of 25 Muhammad became a trader and business manager for a wealthy women name Khadijah, who he later married

17. Muhammad

18. Not Muhammad Ali

19. Revelations
At about the age of 40 Muhammad heard a voice from the angel Gabriel that called him to meditate in a cave outside Mecca
Gabriel told Muhammad that he was a messenger of Allah
Muhammad became convinced that he was the last of the prophets

21. Teachings
He began to teach that Allah was the one and only God and that all other gods must be abandoned
Islam- submission to the will of Allah
Muslim- one who has submitted
Muhammad’s wife Khadijah and several close friends were his first followers

23. Hostility By 613, Muhammad began to preach publicly in Mecca
Many Meccans met his teachings with hostility
They believed Muhammad’s ideas would lead to the neglect of traditional Arab gods and Mecca would no longer be a center of pilgrimage

24. The Hijrah
After some of his followers had been attacked, Muhammad decided to leave Mecca in 622
This migration from Mecca to Yathrib became known as the Hijrah
The Hijrah became a turning point for Muhammad and he attracted many new followers
Yathrib was later renamed Medina

26. Return to Mecca
Muhammad quickly became a religious, political and military leader in Medina
In 630, he returned to Mecca with 10,000 of his followers
Meccan leaders facing sure defeat surrendered
Most Meccans pledged loyalty to Muhammad and converted to Islam
Umma- Muslim religious community

27. Death of Muhammad
Muhammad died two years after he took Mecca at about the age of 62
He had taken great strides to uniting the Arabian peninsula under Islam

28. Beliefs and Practices of Islam

29. The Five Pillars
Faith- “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah”
Prayer- Five times a day, facing towards Mecca
Alms- Money for the poor
Fasting- Muslims may not eat from dawn to dusk during the holy month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage- all Muslims who are physically and financially able must visit Allah at least once in their life

30. Way of Life
Carrying out the Five Pillars ensures that Muslims live their religion while serving their community
Believers are forbidden to eat pork or drink alcoholic beverages
Friday afternoons are set aside for communal worship
No priests or central religious authority
Ulama- religious scholars
Imam- prayer leader

31. Sources of Authority The original source of authority is Allah
Qur’an- holy book of the Muslims, collected revelations of Muhammad from Gabriel
Sunna- Muhammad’s example, best model for proper living
Shari’a- Islamic law, regulates family life, moral conduct, and business and community life

32. Links to Judaism and Christianity
Allah is the same God as that is worshipped in Christianity and Judaism
Jesus is believed to be a prophet, not the Son of God
All believe in heaven, hell and a day of judgment
Ancestry of all three religions is traced to Abraham

33. Islam Expands
Sec 2

34. After Muhammad’s Death
After Muhammad died in 632, Muslims believed they should carry his word to the world
There was no established way to choose a new leader

35. Caliph Caliph- title that means successor or deputy
Following a tribal tradition, the Muslim community elected Abu Bakr, a friend of Muhammad’s, as the first caliph

36. Abu Bakr
Shortly after Muhammad’s death, there were several tribes who abandoned Islam or refused to pay taxes
For the sake of Islam, Abu Bakr invoked jihad- armed struggle against nonbelievers
Abu Bakr used jihad to justify expanding Muslim territory

37. Rightly Guided Caliphs
Rightly Guided Caliphs- the first 4 caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, that all knew Muhammad

38. Success
The 4 rightly-guided caliphs made great progress in their quest to expand Islam
Muslim armies were well disciplined and expertly commanded
Many of the people they conquered welcomed the invaders because of persecution from the Byzantine or Sassanid Empires

39. Treatment of Conquered People
The Qur’an forbids forced conversion
Conquered peoples were allowed to follow their own religion
As long as conquered peoples paid taxes they were left alone

41. Internal Conflict In 656, Uthman was murdered, setting off a civil war
Ali was chosen as the next caliph, but he too was assassinated
The elective system of choosing caliphs died with Ali

42. Umayyads
Umayyads- family that took control of Islam after the death of Ali
Umayyad actions such as moving the capital from Mecca to Damascus and surrounding themselves with wealth led to a division in the Muslim community

43. Sunni-Shi’a Split
The majority of Muslims accepted the rule of the Umayyads but many continued to resist
Shi’a- minority of Muslims who believe that Ali should have succeeded Muhammad and that the caliph needed to be descendant of Muhammad

44. Sunni
Sunni- majority of Muslims who believe that the first 4 caliphs were rightly guided and Muslim rulers should follow the Sunna
Accepted the rule of the Umayyads

46. Sufi
Sufi- minority branch of Islam that rejected the luxurious lifestyle of the Umayyads. They pursue a life of poverty and devotion to the spiritual

48. Abbasid Rule
In the year 750, rebel groups overthrew the Umayyads and the Abbasids took control of the empire
The few Umayyads who were not murdered fled to Spain where they established a new caliphate