Chp. 17 Classification. Characteristics of Living Things Living things are organized (possess structures for every function) Living things make more living.

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Chp. 17 Classification

Characteristics of Living Things Living things are organized (possess structures for every function) Living things make more living things (Reproduction) Living things change during their lives (growth- increase in the amount of living material & formation of new structures) Living things adjust to their surroundings

Stimulus- any condition in the environment that requires an organism to adjust Response- reaction to stimuli Adaptation- enables a response to stimuli (Ex: change in body temp.) Homeostasis- regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions Energy- ability to do work ALL LIVING THINGS REQUIRE AN ENERGY SOURCE Evolution- change over time

CLASSIFICATION Grouping together of objects or info based on similarities Taxonomy- branch of biology dealing w/grouping & naming of organisms based on: 1. Physical Similarities 2. Chemical Makeup (DNA) 3. Evolutionary Relationships

ARISTOTLE Greek philosopher Developed 1 st method of classification He only classified 2 groups- Plant & Animal

CAROLUS LINNAEUS Swedish botanist Selected physical characteristics & evolutionary relationships for classification Binomial Nomenclature- invented by Linnaeus, 2 word naming system for species First word is the Genus, second word is the Species (descriptive word) Ex: Homo sapien

Scientific names are written in Latin Underlined or in italics 1 st letter is capitalized for the first word, rest are lower case

Golden Hamster Mesocricetus auratus Mesocricetus brandti RATS Rattus norvegicus- Norway Rat Rattus rattus- Roof Rat

Taxa- organisms grouped into a series of categories Species- most specific (smallest) Genus- group of closely related species Family- group of closely related genera (genus) Ex: Bobcats & lynx are in the same cat family Felidae but have a different genus

Order- group of related families Class- group of related orders Phylum- group of related classes Kingdom- group of related phyla (largest)

King Phillip came over for good soup

Phylogeny Evolutionary history of a species Based on comparative relationships of structures & comparison of modern life forms w/fossils

Cladistics System of taxonomy that reconstructs relationships based on similarities Cladogram- branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

3 DOMAINS 1. DOMAIN BACTERIA 2. DOMAIN ARCHAEA 3. DOMAIN EUKARYA

DOMAIN BACTERIA Bacteria- microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic, appeared 3.5 bya, 10,0000 species. Ex: Streptococcus (strep throat) Cell walls contain peptidoglycan

DOMAIN ARCHAEA Cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan Extremophiles- live in harsh environments Gave rise to eukaryotic cells

DOMAIN EUKARYA Membrane bound nucleus and organelles 4 Kingdoms

Protista- Eukaryotic, uni/multicellular, live in water, appeared 1 bya, no complex organ system Ex: Amoeba, Paramecium, seaweed

Fungi- consumers, don’t move, uni/multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, decomposers (mushroom, mold, yeast) Appeared 400 mya ago

Plants- stationary, multicellular, eukaryote, photosynthesis, cell walls, have organ systems, 1 st plant fossil dated 400 mya Plants don’t fossilize well

Animalia- multicellular, consumer, no cell walls, organ systems, 1 st appeared 700 mya.