The Civil War (1861-1865) Through Maps, Charts, Graphs & Pictures Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Beginning of the Civil War Notes I. The Union Breaks a. Lincoln wins the election of 1860 without winning a single southern state. b. Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina succeeds from the Union i. Over the next few weeks 6 other southern states followed

c. February 1861 the seven southern states meet in c. February 1861 the seven southern states meet in Montgomery, AL and form the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis is elected President Richmond, VA made capital d. Despite last ditch efforts to save the Union, Lincoln refused offers He was strongly against the expansion of slavery and succession by Southern States

II. Initial military strategies 1. Both side adopt strategies that fit their objectives and resources. a. Northern advantages = manpower, production power, factories, greater food production, railroads, strong navy b. Southern advantages = “King Cotton”, first-rate generals, highly motivated troops, agriculture

North vs. South in 1861 North South Advantages ? Disadvantages

Rating the North & the South

Slave/Free States Population, 1861

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Ohio Military Service

Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860

The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens

The Confederate “White House”

MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator” The Confederate Seal MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”

A Northern View of Jeff Davis

II. Initial military strategies 1. Both side adopt strategies that fit their objectives and resources. a. Northern advantages = manpower, production power, factories, greater food production, railroads, strong navy b. Southern advantages = “King Cotton”, first-rate generals, highly motivated troops, agriculture

3. Confederacy = Fight a defensive war! 2. Union = Anaconda Plan a. Naval blockade of southern ports b. Union moves down Mississippi River/cut Confederacy in two c. Capture Confederate capital = Richmond, VA 3. Confederacy = Fight a defensive war!

Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan

The “Anaconda” Plan

George McClellan, Again! Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan, Again!

McClellan: I Can Do It All!

The Confederate Generals Nathan Bedford Forrest “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee

III. Initial battles Fort Sumter kicks off war – Confederates attack Union fort (April 12-13, 1861) Battle of Bull Run (Manassas, VA) July 21, 1861 – southern victory (Stonewall Jackson hero) 3. U.S. Grant fights on Miss. River in west (Fort Henry & Fort Donaldson in TN) – Union victories. Gen. Farragut seizes New Orleans

Battle of Shiloh (TN) – shows war would be a bloody and long one (April 7, 1862) - 24,000 casualties (Union 13,000 / Conf. 11,000) 5. Confederates defend Richmond move on D.C. (Lee vs. McClellan) Spring 1862, Seven Days Battle Antietam (MD) – Sept. 17, 1862 – bloodiest single day battle in American history – Union victory - 26,000 casualties (Union 12,000 / Conf. 14,000) 7. Early in Civil War North winning in the West, Stalemate in East (South defending home).

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861

The Monitor vs. the Merrimac The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac

Damage on the Deck of the Monitor

War in the East: 1861-1862

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 23,000 casualties

IV. Emancipation Proclamation (9-22-1862) 1. Britain remains neutral 2. “My paramount objective in this struggle is to save the union, & is not either to save or destroy slavery”. – Abraham Lincoln 3. South used slaves to build forts, harvest food 4. On Jan.1, 1863 All Slaves in areas of rebellion are free! a. gives war a moral purpose b. conscription – blacks join Union Army

Emancipation in 1863

The Emancipation Proclamation

The Southern View of Emancipation

V. Social & Economic effects of the war 1. Blacks enlist in North in 1862 (54th Mass.) a. by end 180,000 blacks fought (10% of union army) slaves in south start to resist Part of a greater cause now (not just the white man’s war)

2. Women work to improve conditions a. U.S. Sanitary commission = 3,000 nurses serve in union army (Clara Barton) Chance to gain more equality, rights Heavy casualties & horrible living conditions for soldiers shocks Americans. - No glorious war

4. Economic effects a. North expands economy – war industry b. North 1st income tax to pay for war c. South hurting – losing plantations – food shortages

African-American Recruiting Poster

The Famous 54th Massachusetts

August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

Black Troops Freeing Slaves

Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act

The North Turns the Tide of War I. The war continues 1. Dec. ’62 Lee beats Union at Fredericksburg, VA 2. May ’63 south wins at Chancellorsville, VA (Stonewall Jackson dies) 3. Lee goes on the offensive into Maryland and up into PA – Gen. Meade (union) follows north, they meet at Gettysburg, PA

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

II. Gettysburg (three days in July) 1. July 1, 1863 Battle begins in morning when Confederates led by A.P. Hill attack North of town & confront John Buford and Union troops. a. Buford holds despite being outnumbered, but by end of day Union pushed back into town. b. At end of day reinforcements show up for both sides 90,000 Union troops under command of Gen. Meade 75,000 Confederate troops under Robert E. Lee

2. July 2 1863 Confederates push Union out of Gettysburg & take control of town. a. Union sets up defense south of town at Cemetery Ridge to Big Round Top (High Ground) b. Union forms the “fish hook” defense (communication & quick reinforcement) c. Attacks by south led by Gen. James Longstreet Little Round Top (extreme left flank of union army) Devil’s Den (slaughter pen/valley of death) The Wheatfield (heaviest fighting of civil war) The Peach Orchard (union army split in two, pushed back to Culp’s Hill)

3. July 3, 1863 Union regains high ground at Culp’s Hill a. Gen. Lee orders artillery barrage on center of Union lines on Cemetery Ridge for 2 hours b. Around 3 PM 12,500 Confederate troops charge out of tree line at Seminary Ridge – Pickett’s Charge – All out frontal assault on center of Union lines Union guns fire back & devastate Confederate lines = Union wins Battle of Gettysburg Lee depressed, retreats to Virginia, never takes offensive again 3 day battle claims 23,000 union soldiers dead/wounded 28,000 confederates dead/wounded approx. 51,000 = almost as many as Vietnam (58,000)

Gettysburg Casualties

III. U.S. Grant wins at Vicksburg, MS 1. surrounds city after Confederates refuse to surrender and orders artillery barrages for several hours a day a. Confederate soldiers and towns people out of food and supplies = Vicksburg falls on July 4, 1863 (one of last Confed. Forts of Miss. R.)

The Gettysburg Address 2. Nov. ’63 Lincoln gives the Gettysburg Address @ cemetery in Gettysburg 2 minute speech What was the main message of this ?

The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg

The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

Recruiting Blacks in NYC

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

A “Pogrom” Against Blacks

IV. The Confederacy Wears Down 1. Gettysburg & Vicksburg cost south a lot of manpower. low on shoes, food, uniforms, guns, ammo = just want to hold on now southern morale low = troops leave to go back to farms

Inflation in the South

The Progress of War: 1861-1865

2. Grant & Sherman wage “Total War” on south a. fight not only armies and gov.’t, but civilians. Break their will to fight! b. May to June 1864 Grant fights with Lee in Virginia – Grant nicknamed the “Butcher” cause he continuously attacks despite heavy casulties c. Gen. Shermans’s March – destroyed every city on path through GA to Atlantic Burns Atlanta, Savannah – frees slaves, they join Turns North though SC into NC to help Grant finish Lee in VA

Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864

d. election of 1864 Lincoln beats George McClellan & John C d. election of 1864 Lincoln beats George McClellan & John C. Fremont (He wins 55% of pop vote) e. Grant pushes from NW, Sherman from S – Jefferson Davis & Gov.’t flee Richmond and burn it down

1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D)

Presidential Election of 1864 Results Candidate Party Electoral Votes Popular Votes Abraham Lincoln Republican 212 2,213,665 George B. McClellan Democratic 21 1,805,237

Election of 1864 Results

The Peace Movement: Copperheads Clement Vallandigham

1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster

Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in 1864

The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865

April 9, 1865 @ Appomattox Court House Lee & Grant meet to arrange Confederate surrender = Civil War over, ends without punishment to south

Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

V. Costs of War 1. Union = 360,000 men dead 2. Confederacy = 260,000 dead

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

The Assassin John Wilkes Booth

The Assassination

WANTED~~!!

Now He Belongs to the Ages!

The Execution

h. Union and Reconstruction of South now in hands of southerner and former slave owner Andrew Johnson (VP)