© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Chapter 8: Complex Patterns of Organization/ The Family in the Community Joining a Community of Readers: A Thematic Approach to Reading, 2/e Roberta Alexander & Jan Lombardi PowerPoint by JoAnn Yaworski, 2001

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. In this chapter you will learn how to:  Recognize complex, or paired patterns of organization such as comparison/contrast and cause/effect  recognize transitional words and phrases in sentences  organize what you have read by using patterns of organization

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Comparison and Contrast Answers the question: “How are two things alike or different?” Example: The slave family was as different from the master’s family as anyone can possibly imagine. The master’s family was:  well-fed  well-dressed  lived in beautiful homes In contrast, the slave families:  lived on an absolute minimum of food  were often provided one set of clothes for a year  lived in shacks

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Comparison:  also  both  similarly  alike  as (the same as)  same  in comparison  similar to Contrast:  but  yet  although  while  instead of  in contrast  on the other hand  however  different from  than (more than) Comparison/Contrast Signal Words

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Organize Comparison/Contrast Information by Making a Chart  Determine the main idea.  Decide what is being compared or contrasted.  Label what is being compared on the top of two columns.  Determine the points on which the items are being compared.  List these likenesses and differences for each point under the correct columns.

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Comparison/Contrast Charts  The man and the woman must agree to marry each other  The man proposes and if the woman accepts, they tell the families  It was not necessary for the woman to agree  The man or his family made arrangements with the prospective bride’s father ModernTraditional Marriage Systems Contrasted

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Cause and Effect Causes answer the questions:  Why is something this way?  What happened to make something this way? Effects explain the results of some action  What were the consequences of something that happened?

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Word Clues for Cause/Effect Causes:  because  since  the factors are  is caused by  the reason why Effects:  as a result  therefore  consequently  thus  so

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Cause/Effect Maps Why Mothers Entered the Workforce CauseEffect Result Rising cost of living  Needed second income Increased control over fertility Higher level of education  Work without interruption  Women need intellectual Stimulation  Mothers entered the workforce (1940 = 12% today = 60%)

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Comparison/contrast and cause/effect constructions often use subordination:  Subordination is a way to combine two unequal ideas.  The independent clause can stand alone as a sentence  The dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. Example: Although single-father families are less likely to live in poverty than single-mother families, the economic plight of all impoverished single parents and their children is a cause for concern. (Independent clause)

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Dependent clauses begin with:  Although  even though  since  while  whereas  because

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. “Balancing Family and Work” by W.E. Thompson & J.V. Hickey  Read the selection “Balancing the Family and Work” in Chapter 8.  Why do you think there is such a difference between the time mothers and fathers spend in child rearing?  Why do you think that gender inequality persists in many areas of employment?

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. “It Takes a Village” by Hillary Rodham Clinton  Read the selection “It Takes a Village” in Chapter 8.  What does Clinton mean by saying that “it takes a village to raise a child”?  What constitutes today’s modern day “village”?

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Visit the Web Families ( This Web site focuses on the special interests and concerns of single-parent families.

© 2002 Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Visit the Longman English Pages