AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
AP Biology Polymers Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units polymers monomers = repeated small units covalent bonds
AP Biology How to build a polymer Condensation reaction dehydration synthesis joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out 1 monomer provides OH the other monomer provides H together these form H 2 O requires energy & enzymes
AP Biology How to break down a polymer Hydrolysis use H 2 O to break apart monomers reverse of condensation reaction H 2 O is split into H and OH H & OH group attach where the covalent bond used to be ex: digestion is hydrolysis
AP Biology Carbohydrates
AP Biology So what’s all this talk about carbs? Atkin’s Diet South Beach Diet
AP Biology Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
AP Biology Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6 Function: energy u energy storage raw materials u structural materials Monomer: sugars ex: sugars & starches
AP Biology What functional groups? carbonyl ketone aldehyde hydroxyl
AP Biology Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions in cells! Carbons are numbered
AP Biology Numbered carbons C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O
AP Biology Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars glucose Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers starch
AP Biology Building sugars Dehydration synthesis | glucose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose
AP Biology Building sugars Dehydration synthesis | fructose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | sucrose structural isomers “Let’s go to the video tape!” (play movie here)play movie here