2. AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia at Explore Biology for Northeast Kings Biology Carbohydrates OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O

3. AP Biology Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6  Function:  energy u energy storage  raw materials u structural materials  Monomer: sugars  ex: sugars & starches

4. AP Biology Sugars  Most names for sugars end in -ose  Classified by number of carbons  6C = hexose (glucose)  5C = pentose (fructose, ribose)  3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose CH 2 OH HO O H H H Fructose CH 2 OH Glyceraldehyde H H H H OH O C C C 653

5. AP Biology What functional groups? carbonyl ketone aldehyde carbonyl

6. AP Biology Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions Carbons are numbered Where do you find aqueous solutions? In cells!

7. AP Biology Numbered carbons C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O energy stored in C-C bonds

8. AP Biology Simple & complex sugars  Monosaccharides  simple 1 monomer sugars  glucose  Disaccharides  2 monomers  sucrose  Polysaccharides  large polymers  starch OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose

9. AP Biology Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | glucose | glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose

10. AP Biology Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | fructose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | sucrose structural isomers

11. AP Biology Polysaccharides  Polymers of sugars  costs little energy to build  easily reversible = release energy  Function:  energy storage  starch (plants)  glycogen (animals)  structure = building materials  cellulose (plants)  chitin (arthropods & fungi)

12. AP Biology Branched vs. linear polysaccharides What does branching do?

13. AP Biology Polysaccharide diversity  Molecular structure determines function  isomers of glucose  how does structure influence function…

14. AP Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme

15. AP Biology Cellulose  Most abundant organic compound on Earth BIG DEAL! I can’t eat this stuff!

16. AP Biology Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit

17. AP Biology Glycemic index  Which food will get into your blood more quickly?  apple  rice cakes  corn flakes  bagel  peanut M&M

18. AP Biology Glycemic index  Ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels  Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quickly during digestion have the highest glycemic index. Their blood sugar response is fast & high.

19. AP Biology Glycemic index  Which food will get into your blood more quickly?  apple36  rice cakes82  corn flakes84  bagel72  peanut M&M33

20. AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia at Explore Biology for Northeast Kings Biology Let’s build some Carbohydrates!

21. AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia at Explore Biology for Northeast Kings Biology Any Questions??