Introduction to Organic Chemistry

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Dr. Monira Al-Sheikh Dr. Noha Elnagdi

Course Number and Symbol: Chem. 108 Credit hours: (3+1)

What is organic chemistry? ما هي الكيمياء العضوية؟ تعرف الكيمياء العضوية بأنها دراسة مركبات الكربون الهيدروجينية Hydrocarbons ومشتقاتها. وقد كان التعريف القديم للكيمياء العضوية أنها دراسة المركبات الموجودة في الكائنات الحية Organic.

غير أن هذا الاعتقاد سرعان ما تم تصحيحة عندما حصل فريد ريش فولهارد في عام 1828 على اليوريا (وهي مادة عضوية) من تسخين سيانات الأمونيوم.

Chemical Bonds & the Octet Rule Types of bonds روابط تساهمية Covalent Bonds روابط أيونية Ionic Bonds

الرابطة الأيونية Ionic Bonds

الرابطة التساهمية Covalent Bond

Lone Pairs

Carbon atom can form multiple bonds, long chains, side chains and cyclic chains

REPRESENTATION OF MOLECULAR FORMULAS Expanded Structural Formula

Structural formulas for dimethyl ether. Expanded Structural Formula Lewis’Structure

Exercise 1 Given the skeletal structure C-C=C-C And assuming that only hydrogen atoms are missing, (a) draw the correct expanded structural formula, (b) condensed structural formula, (c) the molecular formula and (d) bond line formula

Exercise 2 Draw the structural formula for the following: C2H6 C2H4 C2H2 C6H6

Isomerism Structural Geometric

Structural Isomers التشابه التركيبي Isomers - compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures Example: Butane and Isobutane

Geometrical Isomers التماكب الهندسي Geometric isomers - compounds with the same covalent arrangement but different arrangement around a carbon-carbon double bond

Functional Groups المجموعات الفعالة Functional groups – special groups of reactive atoms that carry out chemical reactions in many organic compounds.

Exercise 3 A) One alcohol and one ether correspond to C2H6O. Draw their structures B) One carboxylic acid and one ester correspond to C2H4O2. Draw their structure

ATOMIC ORBITALS المدارات الذرية

S-Orbital

P-Orbital

d-Orbital

Hybridization sp3 Tetrahedral sp2 Trigonal Planar sp Linear

sp3 hybridization in Methane

sp2 hybridization in Ethene

sp hybridization in Ethyne

Bond lengths of Ethyne, Ethene, and Ethane

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