1. Organic Chemistry
Introduction

2. 1) is the chemistry of carbon, the compounds it makes and the reactions it undergoes.

3. 2) based on the way carbon bonds – carbon has a tetrahedral electron arrangement
It wants four pairs of electrons around it and can achieve this through

4. 2) based on the way carbon bonds – carbon has a tetrahedral electron arrangement
It wants four pairs of electrons around it and can achieve this through
4 single bonds, sp3 hybridization, giving a tetrahedral shape

5. 2) based on the way carbon bonds – carbon has a tetrahedral electron arrangement
It wants four pairs of electrons around it and can achieve this through
4 single bonds, sp3 hybridization, giving a tetrahedral shape
1 double bond and 2 single bonds, sp2 hybridization giving it a trigonal planar shape

6. 2) based on the way carbon bonds – carbon has a tetrahedral electron arrangement
It wants four pairs of electrons around it and can achieve this through
4 single bonds, sp3 hybridization, giving a tetrahedral shape
1 double bond and 2 single bonds, sp2 hybridization giving it a trigonal planar shape
2 double bonds, sp hybridization, giving it a linear shape

7. 2) based on the way carbon bonds – carbon has a tetrahedral electron arrangement
It wants four pairs of electrons around it and can achieve this through
4 single bonds, sp3 hybridization, giving a tetrahedral shape
1 double bond and 2 single bonds, sp2 hybridization giving it a trigonal planar shape
2 double bonds, sp hybridization, giving it a linear shape
1 triple bond and 1 single, sp hybridization, giving it a linear shape

8. 3) carbon most often bonds to the following
Hydrogen – makes 1 bond
Oxygen – makes 2 bonds
Nitrogen – makes 3 bonds
Sulfur – makes 2 bonds

9. 4) When determining organic formulas – follow the rules above so that you don’t have to worry about counting electrons to determine the Lewis structure

10. Homologous Series
Families of compounds into which organic compounds are organized
Successive members differ by a –CH2 group
Example: Alkanes below

11. Homologous Series of Alcohols

12. How to read organic formulas-p 369
1) C2H5 – empirical formula, gives only the ratio of elements

13. How to read organic formulas- p 369
C2H5 – empirical formula, gives only the ratio of elements
C4H10 – molecular formula, gives only the number of atoms in the molecule

14. How to read organic formulas- p 369
C2H5 – empirical formula, gives only the ratio of elements
C4H10 – molecular formula, gives only the number of atoms in the molecule
CH3CH2CH2CH3 – condensed structural formula

15. How to read organic formulas- p 369
C2H5 – empirical formula, gives only the ratio of elements
C4H10 – molecular formula, gives only the number of atoms in the molecule
CH3CH2CH2CH3 – condensed structural formula
-full structural formula

16. Bond-Line Formula

17. Stereochemical Formula also known as the “Dash- Wedge-Line”
Dashed line-Sticking behind slide
Solid Line in plane with the slide
Wedge Line-Coming out of slide

18. NAMING HYDROCARBONS

19. Naming Hydrocarbons
Organic structures are named through a system of prefixes and suffixes.
Prefix = number of carbon atoms
Suffix = functional group.
– ane = saturated carbon chain made only of C and H
-ol=saturated carbon chain with an -OH functional group

20. # C
Prefix
Alkanes -ane
Alkenes - ene
Alcohols - anol 1
Meth-
Methane
Methene
Methanol 2
Eth-
Ethane
Ethene
Ethanol 3
Prop-
Propane
Propene
Propanol 4
But-
Butane
Butene
Butanol 5
Pent-
Pentane
Pentene
Pentanol 6
Hex-
Hexane
Hexene
Hexanol 7
Hept-
Heptane
Heptene
Heptanol 8
Oct-
Octane
Octene
Octanol 9
Non-
Nonane
Nonene
Nonanol 10
Dec-
Decane
Decene
Decanol

21. Naming Isomers
An isomer is given molecular formula which can have many possible structures
Two isomers for C4H10 are:
butane
2-methyl propane

22. Branched Alkane Naming branched alkanes Name the longest carbon chain
Name the substituent
find number of carbons and add –yl ending
Number the carbons so that substituent is lowest number possible
Name: #-(substituent)(carbon chain)
Note the following is not 4-methylpentane

23. What if there is more than one substituent?
Same kind on same carbon
Follow the steps as above but name
(#,#)-(di)(substituent name)(carbon chain)

24. Different kind on same carbon
Follow steps above but name substituents in alphabetical order and separate numbers
(#)-(substituent)-(#)-(substituent)(carbon chain)

25. Different kind on different carbon
Follow the steps above so that numbers of carbons are lowest number possible. The highest priority substituent should get the lowest number but with substituent groups that are the same functional group (alkanes, alcohols, etc) make numbers as low as possible.
Put name of substituents in alphabetical order and separate numbers
(#-substituent)- (#-substituent)(carbon chain)