Biochemistry Chapter 2 1
Atoms and their interactions 2
Elements Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances 92 naturally occurring 25 essential to life 3
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Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) 96% of human body Trace elements present in small amounts Iron, magnesium, iodine 6
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Atoms Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element Nucleus central portion Protons positive charge Neutrons no charge 8
Atoms cont. Electron cloud surrounds the nucleus Negative charge Travel in energy levels 1 st level 2e- 2 nd level 8e- 3 rd level 8e- (18e- total) Most atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons no net charge 9
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Isotopes Atoms of the same element containing different numbers of neutrons Effects mass only (not charge) Some are unstable radioactive 11
Carbon 12 6p and 6n Carbon 14 6 p and 8n 12
Compounds and bonding 13
Compound Composed of atoms of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined Water H 2 O Bonding occurs between atoms to reach stability Stability = outermost energy level is full 14
Covalent bonding sharing e- H 2 O: O 6e- in 2 nd level H 1e- in 1 st level Most compounds in living organisms have covalent bonds strong 15
Hydrogen gas covalent bond 16
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Ionic bonding gaining or losing e- Produces ions charged particles NaCl: Na 1e- in 3 rd level Cl 7e- in 3 rd level 18
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How an ionic bond forms 20
Chemical reactions Breaking and forming bonds Atoms are rearranged to form new substances Metabolism all the chemical reactions in an organism 21
Chemical reactions cont. Represented by chemical equations 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2 are the reactants 2H 2 O is the product The numbers of each atom must be = on each side of the equation 22
Mixtures and solutions 23
Mixture Combination of substances that each retain their own properties Can easily be separated Salt and iron 24
Solution 1 or more substances (solutes) are distributed equally in another (solvent) Cannot easily be separated Kool-Aid sugar dissolved in water 25
Acids and bases The pH scale 26
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Water and diffusion 28
The importance of water Essential for most life processes Universal solvent Means of transport 29
Polarity unequal distribution of charge e- not shared equally positive and negative ends to a molecule Polar molecules attract other polar molecules and ions (opposites attract) 30
Polarity continued Form weak hydrogen bonds 31
Cohesion water molecules stick together 32
Surface Tension 33
Adhesion water sticks to other molecules 34
Capillary action water creeps up thin tubes 35
Water resists temperature changes Requires a lot of heat to increase water temperature Insulator helps maintain homeostasis Expands when freezes ice is less dense than water and floats 36
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Diffusion Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration 38
Diffusion continued Due to random movement of all molecules slow Continues until equilibrium is reached equal concentration on each side 39
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Diffusion cont. Concentration gradient difference in concentration No energy required to move with the gradient 41
Rate is affected by Concentration higher concentration of molecules = faster diffusion Temperature higher temperatures = faster diffusion Pressure higher pressure = faster diffusion 42
Life substances 43
Role of carbon organic compounds (C-H bonds) Can form 4 different bonds versatile Straight chains, branched chains, rings Any number of C atoms infinite number of structures 44
Isomer same formula, different structures C 6 H 12 O 6 45
Role of carbon cont. Polymers long chains of repeating units 46
Polymer production Made from smaller molecules bonded together by the removal of water dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis breaking apart polymers by adding water 47
Opposite Reactions Dehydration SynthesisHydrolysis 48
Carbohydrates C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio Used to store and release energy Monosaccharides simple sugars Building blocks of carbs Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 49
Forms of glucose Linear (dry) formRing (dissolved) form 50
Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides linked together Glucose + glucose maltose 51
Carbs cont. Polysaccharides polymers of monosaccharides Used for food storage Starch (plants), glycogen (animals), and cellulose 52
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Lipids CHO Less O than carbs Used for energy storage, insulation, protection, cell membrane components 54
Nonpolar insoluble in water Building blocks 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule Fats, oils, and waxes 55
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Lipids cont. Saturated fats C-C bonds are single Maximum amount of H Solid at room temperature Increase cholesterol levels cardiovascular disease 57
A saturated fat no C=C in tails 58
Unsaturated fats some C-C double bonds Liquid at room temperature Plant products Hydrogenation converting unsaturated to saturated by adding hydrogen 59
An unsaturated fat at least 1 C=C in tails 60
Proteins CHON Used for tissue structure and cell metabolism Building blocks amino acids Humans need 20 different amino acids Held together by peptide bonds 61
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Proteins cont. Number and order of amino acids determines the protein Each protein has a specific 3-D shape Shape determines function Denaturation changing the shape of a protein impairs it’s function 63
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Proteins cont. Enzymes protein catalysts that change the rates of chemical reactions, but are not changed themselves Most reactions will occur without enzymes, but at a slower rate 65
Highly specific 1 enzyme per substrate Lock and key model enzyme and substrate fit together precisely to form an enzyme-substrate complex 66
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Factors affecting enzyme action: Concentrations of enzyme and substrate Temperature 37 o C (human body temp.) pH of environment Homeostasis must be maintained in order for enzymes to function 68
Nucleic acids DNA and RNA Store cellular information in code form Building blocks nucleotides 5-C sugar Nitrogenous base Phosphate group 69
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Double helix structure Watson and Crick Sugar is deoxyribose Bases: cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine 70
RNA ribonucleic acid Single strand Sugar is ribose Bases: cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil 71
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The End!! 74