Ch.11

1. nationalism  A devotion to the culture and interests of one’s nation

2. militarism  The glorification of the military and preparedness for war

3. Allies  France, Britain, Russia, and later the United States and Italy

4. Central Powers  Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

5. Archduke Franz Ferdinand  Heir to the throne of the Austrian Empire who was assassinated in June 1914 while touring Sarajevo, Bosnia

6. No man’s land  Area between the trenches so called because no one controlled it and anyone attempting to would most likely be killed

7. Trench warfare  Warfare in which opposing armies dig trenches yards from each other in order to hide from enemy weapons

8. Lusitania  Civilian British liner that was sunk off the coast of Ireland by German U-boats, killing over one thousand people including 128 Americans

9. Zimmerman note  A telegram from the German foreign minister to German ambassador in Mexico  Proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico if Mexico would invade the United States to take back territory lost in the Mexican-American War

10. Eddie Rickenbacker  Racecar driver turned fighter pilot who engaged in 134 air battles and downed 26 enemy aircraft, the most of any Allied pilot

11. Selective Service Act  Act requiring all men aged 21 to 30 to register with the government to be randomly selected for service in the military Later extended to all men aged 18-45

12. Convoy system  System in which a heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships across the Atlantic

13. American Expeditionary Force  Name given to American forces fighting in the Great War

14. General John J. Pershing  Commander of the AEF, who insisted that U.S. troops be used on the front lines

15. Alvin York  War hero who started as a conscientious objector who killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners in one day of battle

16. Conscientious objector  A person who opposed warfare on moral grounds, pointing out that the Bible says, “Thou shalt not kill”

17. War Industries Board  Regulatory body to oversee war production

18. Bernard M. Baruch  Leader of the War Industries Board

19. propaganda  One-sided information designed to persuade

20. George Creel  Head of the Committee on Public Information (CPI), the government’s propaganda agency during the war

21. Espionage and Sedition Acts  Passed in June 1917 and May 1918 respectively  Made it illegal for a person to interfere with the war effort or to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government

22. Great Migration  Large-scale movement of black Americans from the South to the North to escape racial prejudice, drought, and joblessness

23. Fourteen Points  President Wilson’s plan for peace that dealt with war prevention, boundary changes, and the creation of the League of Nations

24. League of Nations  International organization created to prevent future warfare and other international disputes

25. Georges Clemenceau  French premier and representative at Versailles

26. David Lloyd George  British prime minister and representative at Versailles

27. Treaty of Versailles  Treaty that ended WWI and also established nine new nations in Europe in the hopes of preventing future warfare

28. reparations  Payments for war damages made by the losing side to the winning side

29. war-guilt clause  Clause in the treaty that forced Germany to accept full responsibility for starting the Great War

30. Henry Cabot Lodge  Conservative Senator who led a campaign against the League of Nations because he did not like the voluntary provision for joint military and economic action against aggression

Ch.11 Section 1

Causes of World War I  Militarism the glorification of the military and preparedness for war It was believed that the best countries had large militaries that could be easily mobilized  Alliance System The Triple Alliance ○ Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary The Triple Entente ○ France, Russia, Britain

Causes of World War I  Nationalism Extreme pride in one’s nation This caused rivalries among the European powers as they competed to control more land  Imperialism European countries felt that to be powerful, they needed to have large empires

Assassination of the Archduke  Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie traveled to Sarajevo, Bosnia  They were shot and killed by a Serbian member of the Black Hand  A-H issued an ultimatum to Serbia Serbia wanted to negotiate and A-H refused so in July 1914, they declared war on Serbia

The Fighting Starts  Germany's Schlieffen Plan Defeat France first and then attack Russia  Trench warfare Frontline, support, and reserve trenches No Mans Land ○ Area between trenches

Americans and Neutrality  Divided Loyalties Many sympathized with Britain because of common culture and language Others sympathized with Germany  British Blockade Blockaded military supplies, weapons, and food into Germany ○ Resulted in deaths from famine Mined entire North Sea ○ American ships could not trade with Germany

Americans and Neutrality  German U-Boats Unrestricted submarine warfare ○ May Lusitania ○ March 1916-Sussex Americans died in both attacks Germany stopped this policy to not risk U.S. involvement in war  Election of 1916 Wilson v. Supreme Court Justice Charles Evan Hughes Close campaign but Wilson wins

The U.S. Declares War  German Provocation Unrestricted submarine warfare ○ All ships in British waters are sunk Zimmerman telegram ○ Proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany  America Acts Congress declares war against Germany in April 1917

Ch.11 Section 2

Cousins: Czar Nicholas II of Russia, King George V of Great Britain and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany

America Mobilizes  Raising an Army Selective Service Act (May 1917) required men to register with the government for randomly selected military service Started with 200,000; almost 3 million would be called up for duty  Mass production Shipyard workers were exempt from SSA Public relations campaign about importance of shipyard work Fabrication technique of building ships Government took over commercial and private ships and converted them for war use

America Turns the Tide  Convoy system Merchant ships began to be escorted by destroyer groups  Fighting in Europe American troops added numbers and enthusiasm which boosted Allied morale

Fighting “Over There”  American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Led by General John J. Pershing Europeans intended American troops to be used as reinforcements only Pershing insisted they be used on the front lines under U.S. command  New Weapons Tank, airplane, improved machine gun, and poison gas

New Hazards  Trenches Dirty Lice Rats Polluted water Decaying bodies Lack of sleep Shell shock Trench foot Trench mouth

Americans on the Offensive  One Front Russian revolution in 1917 meant Central Power troops could all go to the Western Front Americans arrived just in time to stop the German offensive and played a major role in Allied offensives  American War Hero Alvin York, a conscientious objector who joined the, war killed 25 Germans and aided in the capture of 132

The Great War Ends  Collapse of Germany Nov. 3, 1918 A-H surrendered German soldiers mutinied and formed a republic Nov. 9- Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated Nov. 11- armistice signed  Final Toll About 8.5 million soldiers died and 21 million were wounded Over 20 million civilians died due to starvation, disease, and slaughter

1. Why is the figure of Uncle Sam placed where it is in the composition? 2. How has the artist used color to support the theme of the poster? 3. What symbols are used to get the message across? 4. Would the poster have been as effective if a soldier had been used in place of Uncle Sam? Why or why not?

Ch.11 Section 3

Congress Gives Power to Wilson  Presidential Powers Fix prices Regulate or even nationalize industries  War Industries Board Headed by Bernard M. Baruch Encouraged business to use mass production to increase efficiency Set production quotas and allocated raw materials

Congress Gives Power to Wilson  War Economy Wages rose, but so did food and fuel prices National War Labor Board was created to stop strikes and regulate industries  Food Administration Headed by Herbert Hoover Conserved food by following the “gospel of the clean plate” Victory gardens High prices for staple goods

Selling the War  War financing $35.5 billion ○ 1/3 raised from taxes and 2/3 from selling government bonds  Committee on Public Information Propaganda agency headed by muckraker George Creel Recruited artists and advertising agencies to produce artwork and cartoons promoting the war

Attacks on Civil Liberties  Anti-immigrant hysteria Anti-German sentiment meant many of German descent lost their jobs or were physically attacked All things associated with Germany were not socially permissible  Espionage and Sedition Acts A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal Targeted socialists and labor leaders

Social Change  Black Americans Divided over support of the war  Great Migration Southern blacks moved to northern cities to escape racism and find jobs  Women Worked in jobs previously held by men For their efforts in the war women were given the right to vote

Spanish Flu Epidemic   International flu epidemic affected nearly 25% of the U.S. population  500,000 Americans died

Ch.11 Section 4

Wilson’s Plan  Fourteen Points Points 1-5 addressed issues to prevent future wars Points 6-13 dealt with boundary changes and self- determination Point 14 called for the establishment of an international organization  Allies Reject Plan Wilson failed to understand Allied anger The Big Four (Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, and Orlando) worked on the peace treaty amongst themselves

Treaty of Versailles  Provisions Established 9 new nations and shifted boundaries of others Germany to pay reparations and accept responsibility for the war  Weaknesses Did nothing to solve problems that led to the war  Opposition Too harsh to Central Powers Exchanged colonial rulers

Treaty of Versailles  League of Nations Senator Henry Cabot Lodge led Congressional disapproval  Wilson Refuses to Compromise Went on a national tour to support the treaty and suffered a stroke Congress voted three times on the Treaty of Versailles and each time it was defeated U.S never signed the treaty and never joined the League of Nations

Legacy of the War  United States military and government power were strengthened accelerated social change  Europe Political instability and violence Rise of fascism Treaty of Versailles caused bitterness