 System of government King or Queen has complete control over government & its people  Autocracy  Centralized Government  Nation states

Monarchs based their claim on Divine Right  Authority comes from God  Similar to “Mandate of Heaven” Monarchs are “Above the Law” Common features- Strong armies, limited representative bodies, high taxes, people-few rights

 Breakdown of Feudalism/Rise of Nation states  Continuous Warfare  Need for money  Exploration  Declining influence of the church

 Regulation of religion & society  Loss of power by nobility & legislatures  New government Bureaucracies  Huge building projects  Costly wars; taxes

 The Hapsburg Monarchy  1556 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V divides empire  Son Phillip II rules Spain, Netherlands & Italy

 Promoted “Golden age of Spain” Wealth from colonies helped buildup military; improved navy Incredible wealth– gold/silver Defender of Catholicism Europe’s most Catholic king  1588-Spanish Armada defeated by England (Elizabeth I)  1600’s Spain power declines  Financial problems – high inflation

Phillip II “ Golden Age” – Velasquez, El Greco Centralized government Married “Bloody Mary” Persecution & expulsion of Jews/Muslims hurt economy Built “El Escorial” palace

 The Bourbon Monarchy Henry IV increases power of govt. & decreases power of nobility Edict of Nantes – religious freedom Louis the XIII strengthens & builds up military  Cardinal Richelieu subdues nobles & Huguenots (French Protestants), strengthens economy

 Known as “The Sun King”  Ruled for 72 years Mercantilist policies Built the strongest army in Europe Expanded bureaucracy Never called the Estates General Persecuted the Huguenots  French Protestants  Revoked Edict of Nantes

Built Lavish palace atVersailles  “Gilded Cage” for nobility  His successors inherited enormous debts (costly wars & extravagance)

Louis XIV cont. Lost much land due to French & Indian War (7 Years War) GB defeats Fr. & Indians in American colonies Poor crops hurt the people Became king at age 4; Mazarin helped him rule; expanded France Heavy debt from spending, extravagant lifestyle Colbert – Finance Minister supported sale of French products Supported arts and education

Early Czars Ivan III & Ivan IV (Terrible) used harsh methods to unify Russia & strengthen monarchy  1480 Ivan III (Great) drives Mongols from Russia  Moscow key city  Autocratic govt.  Trivia – married at 12!

Ivan the Terrible First to use term czar (tsar) Good period – Russia expanded, code of law, ruled justly Bad period – executed many boyars – landowning nobles); used secret police Killed son in an argument Turmoil after death 1613 Michael Romanov begins Romanov Dynasty

Grand Embassy tour  Toured Europe learning new technologies Westernization/Modernization Introduced western ideas Laws, technology, culture Men shaved beards; dressed western

Built largest army in Europe  Won territory along the Baltic Sea  St. Petersburg becomes “Window to the West”  Major trading port & new capital

 Centralized power  Reduced power of the nobility  Brought Orthodox Church under his control  First newspaper  Introduced potato

Peter the Great Education, arts, music, science Improved status of women Appointed officials based on merit & service

Peter the Great Excessive spending Peasants/Serfs required to work on roads/canals or serve in military; thousands died Heavy taxation Put Orthodox Church under state control

Peter the Great Could be cruel and tyrannical; executed thousands to challenged his power Died saving a man from drowning

Catherine the Great  Most educated monarch  Abolished torture and capital punishment  Supported arts; first currency  Education, trade, religious toleration

Catherine the Great Negatives  Didn’t enforce reforms (esp. torture/capital punishment  Little to alleviate suffering  Controlled Orthodox Church Negatives Intolerant of Muslims & Jews Crushed peasant rebellions harshly

Catherine the Great Longest ruling female leader of Russia (34 years) Leader of Russia during American Rev.

 1215 King John forced to sign Magna Carta  Limited King’s powers  1295 Edward I establishes Model Parliament  Lawmaking body  House of Lords & House of Commons

 Parliament successfully blocked attempted shifts to absolute rule  The Tudor Monarchs( ) generally worked well w/ Parliament  Ex. Henry VIII & Elizabeth I Henry VII Henry VII Henry VIII Henry VIII Edward VI Edward VI

 Had absolutist tendencies (Strong belief in Divine Right); unpopular  Imprisoned w/out trial  James I & son Charles I consistently clashed with Parliament over finance & foreign policy  Angered Puritans Mary I Mary I Elizabeth I Elizabeth I James IJames I

 Known as the Puritan Revolution (1643)  Charles’s Cavaliers vs. Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell (Puritan)  Charles I is overthrown by forces loyal to Parliament  Beheaded in 1649  Shocks country

 England became a Republic called the Commonwealth  At first C;romwell & Parliament share power 1653 Cromwell assumes Title of Lord Protector & rules as a dictator, Puritan intolerance of Anglicanism; severe moral code; harsh  Cromwell brutally put down revolts in Ireland & Scotland

Upon Cromwell’s death, Parliament restores Stuart Monarchy to throne “Restoration” Charles makes some reforms; observes Magna Carta; Habeas Corpus Act James II became unpopular due to absolutist policies Parliament overthrows James II & asks William & Mary to assume throne (Glorious Revolution )

 Bloodless Revolution  1688-William & Mary forced to sign English Bill of Rights is signed  Guarantees Parliament’s superiority over the Monarchy  England becomes a Limited Monarchy (Remains today)