Portuguese Exploration By Mr. Eichmann

The Search for Eastern Routes A combination of ships from Venice and other city- states, and land routes through the Silk Road made Italian city-states very powerful and rich. European consumers did not want to pay high prices to Italian merchants. The only option was an all- sea route around Africa to reach India and China.

Advantages of a Sea Route to Asia Advantages of a Sea Route to Asia Ships could sail day and night Avoid having to pack and unpack goods Only one shipper would profit from the sea voyage, rather than middlemen No taxes and tolls would need to be paid.

Disadvantages of a Sea Route to Asia Never done before by Europeans. Few maps or charts. Little knowledge of wind and currents Would take longer for goods to reach Europe.

Portugal Makes the Attempt In the 1440s, Prince Henry, who became known as Prince Henry the Navigator, takes the lead by…. Creating a school for navigation, the science of plotting and directing a ship Inviting chart makers, sailors, shipbuilders, scientists, and inventors to work there. Hiring prospective sailors to go on journeys east to Asia. Financing these voyages.

Technological Advancements for Navigation Compass – tells which direction you are going (improved by the Portuguese Astrolabe - instrument that showed how far north or south you were from the equator (improved by the Portuguese) Log – diary of a ship’s journey Knots – Measurement for the speed of a ship

The Caravel The Portuguese develop a ship called the caravel, a small vessel that was able to handle the high seas.

Challenges for Explorers Inaccurate maps Storms Fresh water -need for desalination, converting salt water into drinking water) Cooking on a wooden ship Scurvy – deficiency of Vitamin C Running out of food and supplies Moral of the crew (don’t want a mutiny, a rebellion by your crew)

Portuguese Exploration 1445 – One of Henry’s ships reached modern day Senegal – Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the tip of Africa and returned to Portugal

Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama becomes the first European to sail around the tip of Africa and reach India.

Brazil Pedro Alvares Cabral, either intentionally or unintentionally, took a far western course in the Atlantic Ocean and landed in the northern part of South America. Colonies were eventually established in what would later named Brazil.

Trade Routes Trade routes were established by making connections with African civilizations and creating trade relations with merchants in India.

The Portuguese Monopoly on Trade Wars in the Byzantine Empire, and possibly Portuguese armies, forced the closing of the Silk Road to trade, giving Portugal a monopoly on trade to Asia and making Italy less powerful.

Success of Portugal in the Age of Discovery They built the first school of navigation in Europe. They made many advancements in navigation and shipbuilding. They were the first Europeans to reach India by sailing around Africa.

Failures of Portugal in the Age of Discovery They could not support their colonies with enough people from their country. Began the slave trade between Europe and Africa. They eventually lost their colonies to The Netherlands.